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The Elements in Nature: Exploring Earth's Composition

Unveil the 4.5-billion-year-old planet and its regions via differentiation, core, mantle, crust, and abundances of elements like O, Si, Fe, and Mg. Delve into the making of Earth, its layered structure, and the sources of elements. Discover Earth's crust with its diverse realms and the impacts of life on the planet.

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The Elements in Nature: Exploring Earth's Composition

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  1. CHEM 163Chapter 22 Spring 2009

  2. The Elements in Nature What is the earth? 4.5 billion year old planet Differentiation: regions of differing composition and density • Core: • 10-15 g/cm3 • Molten outer core • Solid inner core • Mantle: • 4-6 g/cm3 • Crust: • 2.8 g/cm3

  3. Abundances of Elements • Large differences between Earth & universe (especially for H) • O, Si, Fe, Mg abundant in Earth & universe • 90% of Earth’s mass • Core rich in Co, Ni, Fe (dense metals); no O • Crust is unique • Nonmetals; metalloids; light, active metals (Al, Ca, Na, K)

  4. Making of the Earth • Cold gases + debris from former stars = Sun + planets • Cold, uniform solid sphere • Heats up to 104 K  molten earth • Radioactive decay • Lots of meteor impacts • Earth cooled  layered earth • Dense material sinks • Fe • Lighter material rises • Silicates: Si, Al, Mg (some Fe) + oxygen (rocks) • Gases form atmosphere • H2O, CO, N2 or NH3 core mantle crust

  5. Earth’s Crust • Solid, liquid and gas • Lithosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere • Biosphere: living systems that have inhabited the planet • Energy for reactions: • Geothermal; lightning; solar; meteors • Simple algae: CO2 + H2O  organic molecules + O2 • Oxidation http://stloe.most.go.th/html/lo_index/LOcanada1/102/images/L02_4.jpg

  6. Life’s Effect On Earth • Created oxidizing environment • Distributed elements • [Na+] >>> [K+] in oceans • K+ part of clay • K+ absorbed by plants • TM oxides and sulfides (insoluble)

  7. Sources of Elements In what form is each element found? • Pure (diatomics; Au, Pt; C in coal) • Oxides • Salts ore: natural compound or mixtures of compounds from which elements can be harvested ($)

  8. The Elements in Nature & Industry • Teaching in pairs Wednesday: • Fuel Cells (21.5)—Chris & Taylor • The Carbon Cycle & the Nitrogen Cycle (22.2) – Jarrett & Ani • The Phosphorous Cycle (22.2) – Darby & Toan • Metallurgy: Extracting a Metal From its Ore (22.3) – Hana & Terri Thursday: • Na & K Metals; Magnesium & Bromine (22.4) – Tae & Zephan • Iron, Copper, and Aluminum (22.4) – Nicole & Liz • The Many Sources & Uses of Hydrogen (22.4) – Jena & Trung • Chemical Manufacturing (22.5) – Brenna & Robert • Homework (due Tues. 6/9) • Quiz (Thursday, 6/11)

  9. Requirements • 8-10 minute presentation • 1-2 minutes for questions • Cover the main points from your section • Both group members must speak • Reference any sources of information used • An original visual aid must be created and used as part of your presentation • Poster, PowerPoint presentation, brochure, other • Both presentation and visual aid must be clearly organized

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