Data Story For UPSC CSE- 10 Feb To 9 March, 2022

3. 1 REMITTANCES When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families, these transfers are known as remittances. In 2021, the top five remittance recipients in current US dollar terms were India, China, Mexico, the Philippines, and the Arab Republic of Egypt. India is the biggest receiver of remittances in the world. Remittances help in stimulating economic development in recipient country. BENEFITS OF REMITTANCES TO THE ECONOMY: Increased inward remittance is a boon for the economy at both macro and micro levels. At the macro level, remittances contribute to maintaining stable foreign reserves since it come-in in the form of foreign currency. This helps in managing India’s balance of payment. Remittances help Indian Rupee hold its value against the US dollar and forms a significant part of the GDP. On a micro level, remittances have shown a positive impact on healthcare, entrepreneurship, education, and overall economic development of the recipient families. This data story aims to show comprehensive details about the remittances received by India. **********

4. 2 FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES Foreign exchange reserves are important assets held by the central bank in foreign currencies as reserves. They are commonly used to support the exchange rate and set monetary policy. Most of the reserves are usually held in US dollars, given the currency’s importance in the international financial and trading system. Some central banks keep reserves in Euros, British pounds, Japanese yen or Chinese yuan, in addition to their US dollar reserves. India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves Include: Foreign Currency Assets Gold Reserves Special Drawing Rights (SDR) Reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF) What are the objectives of Holding Forex Reserves? Supporting and maintaining confidence in monetary and exchange rate management policies. Provides for intervention in favour of the national or union currency. Limits external vulnerability by maintaining the foreign currency liquidity to absorb shocks during times of crisis or when borrowing is curtailed. This data story aims to show comprehensive details of forex reserves of India as of September 2021 .**********

5. 3 AGRI-SPENDING IN INDIA The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 emphasises an increase in investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, development of technology to enhance agricultural productivity and eradication of poverty in middle- and lower-income countries. Agriculture Orientation Index (AOI) of India is one of the lowest, reflecting that the spending towards the agricultural sector is not commensurate with the sector’s contribution towards GDP. The overall budgetary allocation towards the agricultural sector has marginally increased by 4.4% in the Union Budget 2022-23. However, the rate of increase is lower than the current inflation rate of 5.5%-6%. The intensification in government spending towards the agricultural sector is the key to attain the sustainable development goals of higher agricultural growth and farm income. The focus on development of irrigation facilities, urban infrastructure and development of national highways must be complemented with an emphasis on the development of rural infrastructure and rural transportation facilities, along with an increase in the number of markets. This data story aims to present a picture of budgetary allocations made to agricultural sector in budget 2022. **********

6. 4 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COMPLAINTS IN INDIA National Commission for Women is the statutory body generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women. It was established in 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution as defined in the 1990 National Commission for Women Act. Amid a raging pandemic, the number of women reaching out to the National Commission for Women to report violence and harassment within their homes has shown a significant rise in 2021 when compared to 2020. In the second year of the pandemic, the commission received 30,865 complaints of which 72.5% (22,379) fall in three categories - to secure their right to live with dignity, protection from domestic violence and matters of harassment of married women including for dowry. The “right to live with dignity” category includes complaints that involve harassment other than domestic violence. The complaints category was defined this way in 2019 by NCW as more and more women had started approaching the commission alleging harassment at the hands of parents, husband and the in-laws trying to curtail their freedom to take decisions, stopping them from working, and situations that infringed their privacy. This data story gives a comprehensive data on the nature of complaints received by NCW during lockdown. **********

7. 5 DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, illicit drugs are estimated to have killed nearly 7.5 lakh people worldwide in 2017 alone. The estimated number of lives lost in India was 22,000. According to some estimates, the global drug trafficking trade is worth a staggering $650 billion. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), Government of India, commissioned a National Survey on Extent and Pattern for Substance Use in India. The National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi was entrusted with the responsibility to lead the technical and scientific aspects of the National Survey. The primary objective of the National Survey was to assess the extent and pattern of substance use in each state and UT. After Alcohol, Cannabis and Opioids are the next commonly used substances in India. About 2.8% of the population reports having used any cannabis product. About 2.1% of the country’s population use opioids which includes Opium, Heroin and a variety of pharmaceutical opioids. Other categories of drugs such as, Cocaine (0.10%) Amphetamine Type Stimulants (0.18%) and Hallucinogens (0.12%) are used by a small proportion of country’s population. This data story aims to provide insights on substance abuse in India. **********

8. 6 AGEING WATER STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE The report, “Ageing Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk”, by the Canada-based UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), says most of the 58,700 large dams worldwide were constructed between 1930 and 1970 with a design life of 50 to 100 years, adding that at 50 years a large concrete dam “would most probably begin to express signs of aging.” Ageing signs include increasing cases of dam failures, progressively increasing costs of dam repair and maintenance, increasing reservoir sedimentation, and loss of a dam’s functionality and effectiveness. The report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging, rising water risk. This data story aims to show a comprehensive image of the ageing water storage infrastructure globally and in India. **********

9. 7 CRUSHED 2021 REPORT The economic contribution of the Indian auto sector is a large 7.1% of the national gross domestic product (GDP), with the latest Automotive Mission Plan 2016-26 envisioning increasing it to 12%. It is also almost half (49%) of the Indian manufacturing GDP and, therefore, its quality and professionalism has an incomparable halo effect on the entire manufacturing sector. Since 2015, Safe in India Foundation (SII) has worked to improve the post-accident life of injured workers, to prevent these accidents, and to thereby improve labour productivity in manufacturing, which is currently among the lowest in the world. CRUSHED Report is based on the real experience of 2,500+ injured workers from the auto-sector in Gurgaon and Faridabad in Haryana, Rudrapur in Uttarakhand and Neemrana in Rajasthan. This Report is the third annual sequel after CRUSHED 2019 and CRUSHED 2020, which were released at the Ministry of Labor, at IIM Ahmedabad, with injured workers in Gurgaon in August 2019 and with auto-industry associations, SIAM and ACMA in 2020. This data story aims to summarize the CRUSHED report 2021 that gives an idea of occupational society and health standards of the Indian auto sector. **********

10. 8 GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX (GHI) 2021 The Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2021 report has put India in the 101st position out of 116 countries. India has slipped from its 94th position in GHI 2020 placing her behind neighbours like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Four indicators were considered for calculating the global score out of 100, in order to decide the ranking: Undernourishment. Child wasting (percentage of children below five years of age who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition). Child stunting (percentage of children below five years of age who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition). Child mortality (the mortality rate of children under the age of five). India’s Scenario: India’s GHI score has decreased from a GHI score of 38.8 points (considered alarming) in 2000 to a GHI score of 27.5 (considered serious) in 2021. The overall scenario has progressed in India since 2000 but the areas of concern like nutrition remain. But the proportion of undernourished in the population and the under-five mortality is in lower levels. This data story presents the picture of declining GHI score of India. **********

11. 9 “INVESTMENT TRENDS MONITOR” REPORT According to the recent Investment Trends Monitor Report issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows increased by 77 per cent to an estimated USD 1.65 trillion in 2021, from USD 929 billion in 2020. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to India fell by 26 per cent in 2021, compared to 2020. In 2020, FDI to India was recorded at USD 64 billion. This was 27 per cent more compared to USD 51 billion in FDI in 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): Establishment: UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established in 1964. Headquarter: It is a permanent intergovernmental body headquartered at Geneva in Switzerland. Objective: It promotes development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. This data story presents the picture of FDI inflows in India and the global FDI flows as observed in UNCTAD’s Investment Trends Monitor report. **********

12. 10 PLASTIC WASTE GENERATION Plastic is a synthetic polymer made of gasoline with structures suitable for various uses, including packaging, construction and construction, household and sports equipment, automobiles, electronics and agriculture. Plastic is cheap, lightweight, strong and soft. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), at least eight million tons of plastic end up in the oceans every year. Plastic pollution in India: More than 300 million tons of plastic are produced annually, half of which are used to design consumer goods, such as shopping bags, cups and straw. Only 9% of plastic waste is recycled. About 12% burned, while 79% accumulated in landfills. Steps taken by India: The Plastic Waste Management Regulations, 2016, prohibit the manufacture, importation, storage, distribution, sale and use of handling bags and plastic sheets of less than 50 microns in the country. India has pledged to take steps to reduce land pollution caused by Single Use Plastics. India has generated 34 lakh tonnes of plastic waste in 2019-20, of which only 60% has been recycled. This data story gives comprehensive details about the plastic waste generated in world and in India. **********

13. 11 GLOBAL MILITARY EXPENDITURE World military expenditure in 2020 is estimated to have been $1981 billion, the highest level since 1988. World military expenditure as a share of global GDP rose to 2.4 per cent. This increase was largely due to the fact that most countries in the world experienced severe economic downturns in 2020 related to the Covid-19 pandemic. The five biggest spenders in 2020, which together accounted for 62 per cent of global military expenditure, were the United States, China, India, Russia and the United Kingdom. With a military budget of an estimated $778 billion, the USA remained the world’s largest spender in 2020, accounting for 39 per cent of global military spending. China, the world’s second largest military spender in 2020, is estimated to have accounted for 13 per cent of the global total. At $72.9 billion, India’s military spending in 2020 was 2.1 per cent higher than in 2019 and 34 per cent higher than in 2011. It is estimated to have accounted for 3.7% of global military spending. This increase can be largely attributed to India’s ongoing conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir and renewed border tensions with China, as well as India’s more general rivalry with China as the main regional power in Asia and Oceania. This data story highlights the findings of a report published by SIPRI, which tracks military expenditure and arms trade globally. **********

14. 12 HENLEY PASSPORT INDEX 2022 The Henley Passport Index is the original, authoritative ranking of all the world’s passports according to the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa. The index is based on exclusive data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the largest, most accurate travel information database. The index includes 199 different passports and 227 different destinations. Updated quarterly, the Henley Passport Index is considered the standard reference tool for the global citizen and sovereign states for assessing passport rank on the global mobility spectrum. India has a score of 59. That is the number of destinations an Indian passport holder can travel to today, without pre-departure government approval. Passport rankings point towards the strength of diplomatic relations between countries. In the past decade travel freedom has expanded vastly as a result of the rising number of bilateral visa-waiver programmes signed between different countries and unilateral decisions implemented by governments of some countries. This data story aims to point out the passport rank of India and other countries. **********

15. 13 WIND ENERGY IN INDIA Wind energy capacity is growing rapidly around the world as countries transition away from fossil fuels in favour of low-carbon alternatives, in an effort to reduce emissions and limit global warming. The technology can be deployed either onshore – which is by far the largest market – or offshore, using either fixed-bottom turbines anchored to the sea floor or, on a much smaller scale, floating structures that can be based in deeper waters. The expansion of the wind industry has resulted in a strong ecosystem, project operation capabilities and manufacturing base of about 10,000 MW per annum. The country currently has the fourth highest wind installed capacity in the world with total installed capacity of 39.25 GW (as on 31st March 2021) Renewable Energy Sources (excluding large Hydro) currently accounts for 24.7% of India’s overall installed power capacity of 382151 MW. Wind Energy holds the major portion of 41.5% of total RE capacity (94434 MW) among renewable and continued as the largest supplier of clean energy. The Government of India has announced a laudable Renewable Energy target of 175GW by 2022 out of which 60GW will be coming from wind power. The Government is promoting wind power projects in entire country through private sector investment by providing various fiscal and financial incentives such as Accelerated Depreciation benefit; concessional custom duty exemption on certain components of wind electric generators. This data story aims to give comprehensive details of wind energy capacity in India. **********

16. 14 PERFORMANCE IN CLIMATE ACTION By 2100, global temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) is expected to breach the 1.5°C limit goal determined in the 2015 Paris Agreement. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global emissions need to be halved over the next decade, with net-zero emissions achieved by the middle of the century, to successfully bend the temperature curve towards 1.5°C and below. BRICS outperforms the G20 and OECD in climate action performance in aggregate terms. India has outperformed the BRICS and the world on all indicators and is the ace performer among the BRICS nations. Improving resource use and energy efficiency, expanding the use of renewable energy, improving energy security, universal and affordable access to modern energy, and diversifying energy resources are the key focus areas of the Indian power sector in terms of climate change mitigation. This data story aims to give a comprehensive image of performance of world groupings and India on different indicators in tackling climate change. **********

17. 15 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The world is engaged in a race against time to rethink development models by 2030, the deadline for reaching the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Although research expenditure rose in most regions between 2014 and 2018 (Figure 1.2), 80% of countries still invest less than 1% of GDP in R&D. Less than one in four researchers in the business world is a woman and, when women start up their own business, they struggle to access finance. In 2019, just 2% of venture capital was directed towards start-ups founded by women. Through the establishment of the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) in 2015, which serves as a think tank, the government has been attempting to modernize the country; one thrust has been to promote innovation and diffuse modern digital technologies. Another focus has been the diffusion of renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles. India has one of the fastest-growing telecommunications networks in the world. The government has been making a conscious attempt to extend Internet access to rural areas. The Make in India programme has sought to increase domestic manufacturing of a host of high-tech products, such as cell phones and electric locomotives. This data story aims to highlight the key findings of UNESCO’s Science Report. **********

18. 16 DEFENCE BUDGET 2022-23 India’s defence budget has been increased to Rs 5.25 lakh crore for the next fiscal from last year’s allocation of Rs 4.78 lakh crore. In the Union Budget 2022-23, the Capital Allocations pertaining to modernisation and infrastructure development of Armed Forces has been significantly increased to Rs 1.52 lakh crore. The increase in the overall Capital Budget reflects the Government’s resolve towards sustainable enhancement in the modernisation and infrastructure development and also towards achieving the objectives of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. Budget Announcement 2022-23: Aatmanirbharta in Defence Government is committed to reducing imports and promoting AtmaNirbharta in equipment for the Armed Forces. 68 per cent of the capital procurement budget will be earmarked for domestic industry in 2022-23, up from 58 per cent in 2021-22. Defence R&D will be opened up for industry, startups and academia with 25 per cent of defence R&D budget earmarked. Private industry will be encouraged to take up design and development of military platforms and equipment in collaboration with DRDO and other organizations through SPV model. An independent nodal umbrella body will be set up for meeting wide ranging testing and certification requirements. Additionally, to boost the Coastal Security, the Capital budget of Indian Coast Guard has been enhanced by 60.24% to Rs 4,246 crore in FY 2022-23. This enhancement is aimed at building up of assets such as acquisition of ships & aircraft, augmentation of infrastructure, establishment of coastal security network and building up technical & administrative support structures. This data story aims to highlight the budgetary allocations made in 2022-23 for the defence sector. **********

19. 17 WATER RESOURCES Water is essential for human survival and well-being and important to many sectors of the economy. However, resources are irregularly distributed in space and time, and they are under pressure due to human activity. The world’s water exists naturally in different forms and locations: in the air, on the surface, below the ground, and in the oceans. Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth’s water, and most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Our water resources face a host of serious threats, all of which are caused primarily by human activity. They include sedimentation, pollution, climate change, deforestation, landscape changes, and urban growth. One of the most serious threats to water resources is the degradation of ecosystems, which often takes place through changes to landscapes such as the clearance of forests, the conversion of natural landscapes to farmland, the growth of cities, the building of roads, and surface mining. Each type of change to a landscape will have its own specific impact, usually directly on natural ecosystems and directly or indirectly on water resources. This data story aims to give a brief account of water resources. **********

20. 18 WOMEN IN STEM The number of women in India who have opted for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as a field of study has increased but challenges remain. Women are an important section of the workforce, more particularly in the science & technology (S&T) domain. However, a large number of well-qualified women get left out of the S&T activities due to various circumstances which are usually typical to the gender. The challenges faced by them are several but most often the “break in career” arises out of motherhood and family responsibilities. Women make up nearly 43 per cent of the total graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in India - one of the highest in the world - but just 14 per cent of scientists, engineers, and technologists in research development institutions and universities. The under-representation of women in STEM majors is common globally, but India presents a particularly curious case. Here, even though the number of women enrolling in STEM programmes has been increasing year on year, the rising education levels aren’t translating into employability or jobs. As per the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2018-19, just three per cent of women enroll in PhD in science and only six per cent opt for a PhD in Engineering and Technology. This ‘leaky pipeline’ in STEM means that fewer women end up reaching higher levels to be selected as professional scientists later. This data story aims to give details about the women representation in STEM. **********

21. 19 GLOBAL METHANE EMISSION Methane, a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) with an atmospheric lifetime of roughly a decade, is a potent greenhouse gas tens of times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the atmosphere. Methane’s atmospheric concentration has more than doubled since pre-industrial times and is second only to carbon dioxide in driving climate change during the industrial era. Methane contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, a dangerous air pollutant. Ozone attributable to anthropogenic methane emissions causes approximately half a million premature deaths per year globally and harms ecosystems and crops by suppressing growth and diminishing production. Approximately 60 per cent of total global methane emissions come from anthropogenic sources. Of these, more than 90 per cent originate from three sectors: fossil fuels, ~35 per cent; agriculture, ~40 per cent; and waste, ~20 per cent. Reducing human-caused methane emissions is one of the most cost-effective strategies to rapidly reduce the rate of warming and contribute significantly to global efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. The US-EU-led move to reduce emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas - up to a third by the end of this decade - at the climate summit at Glasgow is notable and forward-looking. This data story gives insights about the methane emissions, globally. **********

22. 20 POWER GENERATION IN INDIA The Overall generation (Including generation from grid connected renewable sources) in the country has been increased from 1110.458 BU during 2014-15 to 1381.855 BU during 2020-21. Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted in 2003. The objective is to introduce competition, protect consumer’s interests and provide power for all. The Act provides for National Electricity Policy, Rural Electrification, Open access in transmission, phased open access in distribution, mandatory SERCs, license free generation and distribution, power trading, mandatory metering and stringent penalties for theft of electricity. It is a comprehensive legislation replacing Electricity Act 1910, Electricity Supply Act 1948 and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 1998.The Electricity Act, 2003 has been amended on two occasions by the Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2003 and the Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2007. The aim is to push the sector onto a trajectory of sound commercial growth and to enable the States and the Centre to move in harmony and coordination. This data story aims to highlight the data related to power generation in India. **********

23. 21 FREEDOM IN THE WORLD REPORT Freedom House is the oldest American organization devoted to the support and defense of democracy around the world. It was formally established in New York in 1941 to promote American involvement in World War II and the fight against fascism. In 1973, Freedom House launched an entirely new initiative, a report that employed the methods of social science analysis to assess the level of freedom in each country in the world, with a numerical score and ranking as Free, Partly Free, or Not Free. The report is known as Freedom in the World. Through the years, Freedom in the World has gained attention and influence in the media, the policy world, among foreign governments, and among educators and scholars. Freedom in the World has been called the “Michelin Guide to democracy’s development” and “essential reading for policymakers and political leaders.” Freedom in the World is the most widely read and cited report of its kind, tracking global trends in political rights and civil liberties for almost 50 years. The 2022 report is titled, “Freedom in the World 2022 – The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule”. The scores are based on: Political rights indicators such as the electoral process, political pluralism and participation and government functioning. Civil liberties indicators related to freedom of expression and belief, associational and organisational rights, the rule of law and personal autonomy and individual rights. This data story aims to present the detailed picture of India’s score in ‘Freedom of the world’ report over the years. **********

24. 22 GLOBAL NUCLEAR WARHEAD The world’s nuclear-armed states possess a combined total of about 13,080 nuclear warheads. North Korea, the ninth nuclear-weapon state, is estimated to have produced enough fissile material for 40-50 warheads, although the actual size of its stockpile remains unknown. The nuclear-weapon states (NWS) are the five states—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States—officially recognized as possessing nuclear weapons by the NPT. India, Israel, and Pakistan never joined the NPT and are known to possess nuclear weapons. India first tested a nuclear explosive device in 1974. That test spurred Pakistan to ramp up work on its secret nuclear weapons program. India and Pakistan both publicly demonstrated their nuclear weapon capabilities with a round of tit- for-tat nuclear tests in May 1998. Israel has not publicly conducted a nuclear test, does not admit or deny having nuclear weapons and states that it will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East. North Korea joined the NPT as a non-nuclear weapon state but announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003 --a move that has not been legally recognized by the other NPT member states. North Korea has tested nuclear devices and nuclear-capable ballistic missiles. This data story aims to highlight the Nuclear weapons in world. **********

25. 23 VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA India has been vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural, as well as, human-made disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic and socioeconomic conditions. It is highly vulnerable to floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches and forest fires. Out of 36 states and union territories in the country, 27 of them are disaster prone. India is one of the ten most disaster prone countries of the world. The country is prone to disasters due to a number of factors; both natural and human induced, including adverse Geo- climatic conditions, topographic features, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanization, industrialization, non-scientific development practices, etc. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on May 30, 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister vide an executive order. The NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster management and guidelines which would be followed by different Ministries, Departments of the Government of India and State Government in taking measures for disaster risk reduction. This data story aims to show the varying data on vulnerability of India to different natural disasters. **********

26. 24 EXPORT-IMPORT OF INDIA (2021) Foreign Trade (International Trade) is all about Exports and Imports. From 1947-1991, the Indian economy remained largely as a closed economy. High taxes were levied on import of items. Foreign investments like FDI were restricted. However, after the liberalisation in 1991, foreign trade improved significantly. Now, India exports around 7500 commodities to about 190 countries, and imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries. Exports and Imports are not only restricted to commodities (merchandise). Service is also a major export/import item. Balance of Trade (BoT) is also known as Trade Balance. Balance of Trade (Merchandise) = Export of goods – Import of goods Balance of Trade (Services) = Export of services – Import of services The foreign trade policy (FTP) outlines government strategies and steps to promote domestic production and exports to drive economic growth. India’s Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) provides the basic framework of policy and strategy for promoting exports and trade. It is periodically reviewed to adapt to the changing domestic and international scenario. It is essentially a set of guidelines for the import and export of goods and services. These are established by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), the governing body for the promotion and facilitation of exports and imports under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This data story aims to give data about export and import of top commodities of the calendar year 2021. **********