1 / 24

Unit III

Unit III. 1450 - 1750. The Black Death Spreads. The plague raced west along east-west trade routes By 1346 it reached the Black Sea, by 1347 Italy, and by 1348 western Europe In Europe 60%-70% mortality rates were common Scandinavia, India, and Africa were spared widespread outbreaks.

selene
Download Presentation

Unit III

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit III 1450 - 1750

  2. The Black Death Spreads • The plague raced west along east-west trade routes • By 1346 it reached the Black Sea, by 1347 Italy, and by 1348 western Europe • In Europe 60%-70% mortality rates were common • Scandinavia, India, and Africa were spared widespread outbreaks

  3. Effects to the Plague • In China, the population dropped by 10-million between 1300-1400 • European population declined by 25% • Islamic societies were hurt as well and were slower to recover • Riots broke out in some areas due to massive labor shortages • Surviving workers in Europe demanded higher wages Plague victims (1411, Germnay)

  4. The Ming Dynasty • Emperor Hongwu overthrew Mongol rule and began the Ming dynasty in 1368 • The Ming focused on centralization of the government and reviving Chinese traditions • The Ming emperor ruled directly without governors and restored the Confucian educational and civil service systems Ming Founder Hongwu

  5. The Renaissance 1400-1600 • Began in northern Italy as a renewed interest in the art and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome • Italian city-states sponsored new artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, and Michelangelo • Greek and Roman architecture was adopted in the creation of new domed cathedrals • Humanist scholars studied and restored ancient works of literature, history and moral philosophy Adam as seen in the Sistine Chapel

  6. Columbian Exchange: Biology • There was an exchange of plants, crops, and animals between Old and New Worlds • Epidemic diseases like smallpox, measles, diptheria, whooping cough, and flu led to staggering population loss in the New World • Aztecs lost 95% of their population between 1519-1619 • Between 1500-1800, 100-million people died of imported diseases Aztec suffering from smallpox

  7. Indian Ocean Trade • The Portuguese were trying to establish a sea route to Asian without having to deal with Muslim contacts • Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Africa and entered the Indian Ocean in 1488 • Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut, India in 1498 and returned with a large profit to Portugal • Portugal dominated trade between Europe and Asia during the 1500s

  8. The Protestant Reformation • German priest Martin Luther attacked corruption of the Catholic Church in 1517, especially the sale of indulgences • His Ninety-five Thesis were reprinted and widely read across Europe • By the mid 1500s, half of Germany adopted Lutheran Christianity Martin Luther (1488-1544)

  9. The 30 Years’ War • Lasted from 1618-1648 and was the most destructive European war until WWI • It began as a local conflict in Bohemia when the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church • It soon involved all of Europe and severely weakened an already weak Holy Roman Empire Europe in 1648 after the war

  10. The Peace of Westphalia 1648 • The Peace conference following the 30 Years’ War • Set the guidelines for a system of independent sovereign states in Europe • It abandoned the idea of having religious unity in Europe • It didn’t end war in Europe, but it set forth the idea that all European nations should be equal and a balance of power should be maintained Signing of the Peace of Westphalia

  11. The Scientific Revolution • Galileo Galilei (1564-1630) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) published new theories of planetary orbits and modern law of inertia • Isaac Newton (1642-1727) published works on mathematical explanations of scientific laws of bodies in motion • Newton’s theories symbolized the Scientific Revolution by stressing direct observation and mathematical reasoning could explain the phenomena of the universe Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler Sir Isaac Newton

  12. Enlightenment Thinkers • John Locke: all human knowledge comes from the senses • Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price • Montesquieu: argued the laws of politics naturally demand political liberty for people • Voltaire: supported religious and individual freedom and criticized the French government and the Catholic Church Voltaire (1694-1778)

  13. Triangular Trade • European goods were traded for African slaves • Slaves were shipped to the Caribbean for sugar and molasses • American produce was then shipped back to Europe • Every stop was brutal • slave raids, • forced marches to the coast for transport • The middle passage frequently saw between 25%-50% of slave cargoes die in transit

  14. Unit IV- Age of Revolutions 1750 - 1914

  15. The Enlightened Revolutions • The idea of popular sovereignty inspired the revolutions in North and South America as well as in France • The Enlightenment challenged the tradition of the divine right of kings to rule as they pleased • John Locke idea inspired many: authority comes from the consent of the people John Locke (1632-1704)

  16. The American Constitution • The American Constitution was drafted in 1787 • It created an American republic based on popular sovereignty, freedom and equality • Full legal and political rights were only granted to men of property The Constitutional Convention (1787)

  17. The French Revolution1789-1794 • A financial crisis forced King Louis XVI to call a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 • The First and Second Estates tried to limit the members of the Third Estate (commoners) • The Third Estate grew frustrated with their lack of power and separated to form the National Assembly on June 17, 1789 Meeting of the Estates-General (1789)

  18. Napoleon Stabilizes France • Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church by signing the concordat • Religious freedom was extended to Protestants and Jews • The Civil Code of 1804 extended political and legal equality for all adult men • Individual rights to freedom of speech was restricted by Napoleon’s government Napoleon crowns himself emperor in the Notre Dame Cathedral (1804)

  19. The Congress of Vienna takes Europe Back to the Future • During the 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna sought to restore the old order after Napoleon’s fall • Led by Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, the Congress of Vienna restored absolute monarchies to the lands Napoleon had conquered • The new order restored a balance of power in Europe but could not repress nationalist movements and revolutionary ideas for long Congress of Vienna Prince Klemens von Metternich

  20. South American Independence • Simón Bolívar led an independence movement against Spain in South America starting in 1811 • Creole forces overtook Spanish armies throughout South America in 1824 • Bolívar’s idea of a united Gran Colombia failed in the 1830s • Independence from Spain brought little changes in Latin America • Only the creole elites benefited from the Independence movement • The colony of Brazil was granted independence from Portugal in 1821 Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

  21. Effects of Industrialization • Population and city growth were major effects of industrialization • Better diets and improved sanitation reduced the death rate of adults and children • By 1900, 50% of the people in industrialized countries lived in cities • Cities were often crowded, dirty, and lacked a clean water supply • By the late 1800s, governments passed building codes and installed sewer systems • Between 1800-1920, 50-million Europeans migrated to North and South America to seek work in factories Italian immigrants arrive in San Francisco (1918)

  22. Marx and Engles’ Communism • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were critical of industrial capitalism • Marx felt that capitalism led to the ruthless exploitation of the working class by the rich • The Communist Manifesto (1848) predicted a communist revolution by the working class • Communists felt that their system would allow a fair and equal society without private ownership Karl Marx (1818-1883) Fredriech Engels (1820-1895)

  23. Common Problems : Ottomans, Russians, Chinese, and Japanese • All these societies had similar problems • Military weakness • Economic problems • Financial difficulties and corruption • There were attempts at political and educational reforms geared towards industrialization using the western model • Ottomans, Russia, and China failed to reform successfully and collapsed • Only Japan emerged as a major industrial power at the turn of the 20th Century Japanese military officers dress in western styles

  24. Motivations for Imperialism • Industrialized countries dominated non-industrialized countries for various reasons • Economic markets • Natural resources • Strategic political outposts • Religious evangelism • Social Darwinism Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) author of “White Man’s Burden”

More Related