“You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.” ― Mae West

1. “You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.” ― Mae West A Jellyfish is 95% water.

4. Charlemagne’s Empire Main Idea Through conquest and social change, Charlemagne tied much of western Europe together in a single empire.

5. Building an Empire • Powerful Kingdom • Crowning of Charlemagne a surprise, but not random decision • His predecessors, the kings of the Franks, worked for 200 years to make kingdom most powerful in Europe • Frankish Empire • By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe • Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians • Early Carolingians • One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather • Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king • Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably Muslims

7. Pope Leo III Increased Kingdom • Recognized Charlemagne’s skill, called on him for help when Lombards attacked Papal States, 774 • Papal states, region in central Italy under control of pope • Franks defeated Lombards; Charlemagne became king of Lombards as well as Franks • 799, Charlemagne helps Leo III again - Charlemagne named emperor of Roman people • Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had backing of church, God • Charles’s son, Pippin III - Became first king of Carolingian dynasty, 751 • 768, Pippin passed kingdom to son Charlemagne - Old French for Charles the Great • Assembled army each year, led into battle against a foe • Incorporated land of vanquished foe into his sphere of influence, formed alliances with local rulers • In this way Charlemagne increased size and power of Carolingian kingdom Military Power

11. Charlemagne’s Rule • Powerful • Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor • Empire large, not easy to rule; changes made government efficient, effective • Established permanent capital at Aachen, in what is now Germany • Delegating Authority • Built huge palace, cathedral to reflect own greatness • Chose counts, officials to help rule parts of empire in his name • Counts bound to obey, granted large tracts of land, given much authority • Oversight • Inspectors kept tabs on Charlemagne’s counts • Rewarded counts who did jobs well, punished those who did not • Inspectors helped ensure counts remained loyal, empire was well run

13. Aachen Cathedral

14. Charlemagne’s Chapel and Throne

15. Charlemagne’s Palace

18. Question: How did Charlemagne turn his kingdom into an empire? Answer(s): strong warrior; restored the pope to power; provided stability and order; barons helped him rule

19. Education Religion • Charlemagne personally interested in learning - ordered churches, monasteries to start schools • Scholars • Sent copies of texts to monasteries across Europe; monks there made copies • Saved many valuable works for posterity • Charlemagne wanted to preserve, spread Christian teachings, and create a unified Christian empire • Convert or die; sent monks • Law • Developed written legal code – incorporated local laws A New Society Although Charlemagne is known mostly as a warrior and a political leader, he also made sweeping changes to Frankish society. Empire did not survive long after death in 814 - Civil war wracked kingdom, grandsons divided empire - Empire weak, invaders: Vikings, Magyar, Muslim

23. Question: How did Charlemagne change society in his empire? Answer(s): built an education system, preserved ancient writings, expanded religion, developed single law code

24. Viking Raids • Sailing Skills • Vikings superb ship builders, sailors • Ships capable of withstanding heavy ocean waves; crews as many as 100 • Skills at navigation allowed crossing great expanses of ocean • First Targets • First targets of raids England, northern France • Later Vikings began raiding places farther from homeland • Even inland locations like Paris, Aachen unsafe – raids came quickly and were brutal • Favorite Viking targets, monasteries – Vikings not Christian and monasteries were loaded • Not all Vikings who left Scandinavia raiders, some explorers: Iceland late 700s; 982, Greenland; 1082, Leif Eriksson reaches North America • Normandy • Normandy = Northman; Rollo and King of France – land for defense

29. Question: What made Viking raids so terrifying to Christian Europe? Answer(s): People did not know when they were coming, so could not prepare; Viking raids were brutal.

30. Muslim Spain France, Italy • 711, Muslim army from North Africa crossed Strait of Gibraltar, conquered Spain • Ruled Iberian Peninsula more than 700 years • Capital city, Cordoba, one of wealthiest, most culturally advanced cities of medieval world • Muslim Spain land of tolerance • 732, Muslims swept into France, stopped short by Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather • 800s, 900s, Muslim leaders ordered small, fast raids against cities, towns in southern France, Italy • Raided Rome, destroyed ancient churches The Muslims Muslims first came to Europe in large numbers as conquerors.

31. Muslim fleets blocked Byzantine trade in Mediterranean Muslim pirates looted ships, sold crews into slavery Cut off Italy from trade with eastern allies Pope turned to Franks for protection Balance of power in western Europe shifted because of this Blocking Trade

35. Question: Why did Muslims launch small, fast raids against Christian lands? Answer(s): unable to achieve a full invasion of Europe

36. The Feudal and Manorial Systems Main Idea In Europe during the Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems governed life and required people to perform certain duties and obligations.

37. Origins of Feudalism Knights and Lords • Feudalism originated partly as result of Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions • Kings, nobles unable to defend their lands • Built castles, often on hills - not elaborate structures; built of wood - shelter in case of attack • Nobles needed trained soldiers to defend castles • Knights most important, highly skilled soldiers • Mounted knights in heavy armor best defenders • Being a knight expensive; had to maintain weapons, armor, horses • Knights demanded payment for services The Feudal System

38. Motte-and-Bailey Castle

39. Château de Gisors, France

40. William Marshal

42. Knights were usually paid for their services with land Land given to knight for service was called a fief Anyone accepting fief was called a vassal Person from whom he accepted fief was his lord Historians call system of exchanging land for service the feudal system, or feudalism Fiefs and Vassals

45. Feudal Obligations • Oath of Fealty • Lords, vassals in feudal system had duties to fulfill to one another • Knight’s chief duty as vassal to provide military service to his lord • Had to promise to remain loyal; promise called oath of fealty • Financial Obligations • Knight had certain financial obligations to lord • Knight obligated to pay ransom for lord’s release if captured in battle • Gave money to lord on special occasions, such as knighting of son • Lord’s Obligations • Lord had to treat knights fairly, not demanding too much time, money • Had to protect knight if attacked by enemies • Had to act as judge in disputes between knights

47. Fealty to King Lord and Vassal • Theoretically (but not in practice), everyone supposed to be loyal to the king • Some powerful nobles as strong as kings they were supposed to serve, ignored duties as vassals • Feudal rules specific to time, place; could change over time • Europe’s feudal system incredibly complex - could be both lord, vassal • Some knights with large fiefs gave small pieces of land to other knights, created many levels of obligations • One knight could serve many lords - almost everyone served more than one lord A Complicated System

48. Question: How did the feudal system work? Answer(s): lord gave land to knight in return for protection and loyalty

49. Lords, Peasants, and Serfs Serfdom and Manor Free People • Manors owned by wealthy lords, knights • Peasants farmed manor fields • Were given protection, plots of land to cultivate for selves • Developed into three-field crop rotation system • Most peasants on farm were serfs- not slaves, but could not leave manor, marry without lord’s permission • Each manor included fortified house for noble family, village for peasants, serfs • Goal to make manor self-sufficient - also included church, mill, blacksmith • Manors had some free people who rented land from lord • Others included landowning peasants, skilled workers like blacksmiths, millers • Also had a priest for spiritual needs The Manorial System The feudal system was a political and social system. A related system governed medieval economics. This system was called the manorial system because it was built around large estates called manors.