Nuclear Fission

1. Motivation Principle Nuclear reactor & Weapon Statistics Nuclear Fission

2. Relativistic Energy The famous Einstein relationship for energy includes both the kinetic energy and rest mass energy for a particle. The kinetic energy of a high speed particle can be calculated from The relativistic energy of a particle can also be expressed in terms of its momentum in the expression

3. Uranium-235 Fission Energy From Uranium Fission

5. Control - Weapons or Power? • In general, the steady production of atomic power requires a slow-neutron-induced fission chain reaction occurring in a mixture or lattice of uranium and moderator, while an atomic bomb requires a fast-neutron-induced fission chain reaction in U-235 or Pu-239, although both slow- and fast-neutron fission may contribute in each case. • The technological gap between producing a controlled chain reaction and using it as a large-scale power source or a explosive is comparable to the gap between the discovery of fire and the manufacture of a steam locomotive.

6. PHWR (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor)

7. PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor)

8. The atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

9. Statistics • In 2000, there were 438 commercial nuclear generating units throughout the world, with a total capacity of about 351 gigawatts. • In 2001, there were 104 (69 pressurized water reactors, 35 boiling water reactors) commercial nuclear generating units that are licensed to operate in the United States, producing 32,300 net megawatts (electric), which is approximately 20 percent of the nation's total electric energy consumption. The United States is the world's largest supplier of commercial nuclear power. http://www.wikiverse.org http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

11. Water as Moderator