The period in prehistory when people shifted from food gathering to food producing

1. The period in prehistory when people shifted from food gathering to food producing • The process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans • Domestication involves changing the plants to make them moreuseful. • What was the Neolithic Revolution? • Domestication • What is the difference between domestication of plants and simply planting seeds?

2. THE FERTILE CRESCENT Aswan DamDraining of the Marshes

4. The Area Today is Iraq and Syria

5. Mesopotamia • What does the word Mesopotamia mean? • What is the Fertile Crescent? • What present day country makes up Mesopotamia? • When and how were the farming settlements established in Mesopotamia • define silt Land between two rivers Tigris and Euphrates A large arc of rich, or fertile, farmland stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. Crops grow well here because the land is fertile and there is water nearby. Iraq Plentiful food led to population growth, and villages formed. They grew crops and stored food for times of need. A mixture of rich soiland tiny rocks. The fertile silt made the land ideal for farming.

6. define surplus • define division of labor • How did surplus lead to division of labor in early civilizations? • Having more of a product than is needed • The type of arrangement in which eachworker specializes in a particular task orjob is called a division of labor. • Having people available to work on different jobs meant that society could accomplish more.

7. During: TuesdayReading handout An Advanced Society In southern Mesopotamia, a people known as the Sumerians (soo-MER-ee-unz) developed the world’s first civilization. No one knows where they came from or when they moved into the region. However, by 3000 BC, several hundred thousand Sumerians had settled in Mesopotamia, in a land they called Sumer (SOO-muhr). There they created an advanced society.

8. The City-States of Sumer Most people in Sumer were farmers. They lived mainly in rural, or countryside, areas. The centers of Sumerian society, however, were the urban, or city, areas. The first cities in Sumer had about 10,000 residents. Over time, the cities grew. Historians think that by 2000 BC, some of Sumer’s cities had more than 100,000 residents. As a result, the basic political unit of Sumer combined the two parts. This unit was called a city-state. A city-state consisted of a city and all the countryside around it. The amount of countryside controlled by each city-state depended on its military strength. Stronger city-states controlled larger areas. City-states in Sumer fought each other to gain more farmland. As a result of these conflicts, the city-states built up strong armies. Sumerians also built strong, thick walls around their cities for protection. Individual city-states gained and lost power over time. By 3500 BC, a city-state known as Kish had become quite powerful. Over the next 1,000 years, the city-states of Uruk and Ur fought for dominance.

9. Sumerian Social Order Because of their status, priests occupied a high level in Sumer’s social hierarchy, the division of society by rank or class. In fact, priests were just below kings. The kings of Sumer claimed that they had been chosen by the gods to rule. Below the priests were Sumer’s skilled craftspeople, merchants, and traders. Trade had a great impact on Sumerian society. Traders traveled to faraway places and exchanged grain for gold, silver, copper, lumber, and precious stones. Below traders, farmers and laborers made up the large working class. Slaves were at the bottom of the social order.

10. Sumerian Religion The Sumerians practiced polytheism, theworship of many gods. Among the gods they worshipped were Enlil, the lord of the air; Enki, god of wisdom; and Inanna, goddess of love and war. The sun and moon were represented by the gods Utu and Nanna. Each city-state considered one god to be its special protector.   The Sumerians believed that their gods had enormous powers. Gods could bring a good harvest or a disastrous flood. They could bring illness, or they could bring good health and wealth. The Sumerians believed that success in every area of life depended on pleasing the gods. Every Sumerian had a duty to serve and to worship the gods. Priests, people who performed religiousceremonies, had great status in Sumer. People relied on them to help gain the gods’ favor. Priests interpreted the wishes of the gods and made offerings to them. These offerings were made in temples, special buildings where priests performed their religious ceremonies.

11. During : Wednesday • Summary • Directions: Circle two words from each line on the Magnet Summary. On the back of the Magnet Summary develop a 7 to 10 sentence summary including the words you have circled.

12. During: Tuesday • Magnet Summary- Rise of Sumer • Directions: • For each paragraph choose four words that you feel are most important • Write the words in the space provided • Paragraph 1- _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________   Paragraph 2- _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________   Paragraph 3- _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________   Paragraph 4-_________________ __________________ __________________ _________________   Paragraph 5-_________________ __________________ __________________ _________________ Paragraph 6- _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________   Paragraph 7- _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________   Paragraph 8- _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________   Paragraph 9-_________________ __________________ __________________ _________________   Paragraph 10-_________________ __________________ __________________ _________________ Paragraph 11- _________________ _________________ __________________ _________________

13. Vocabulary A city and all the countryside around it. Effect, result Countryside city • City-state • Impact • Rural • urban

14. Vocabulary- • Social hierarchy • Priest • Polytheism • The division of society by rank or class. • People who performed religious ceremonies. • The worship of many gods.

15. Vocabulary • Cuneiform • Scribes • Pictographs • epics • The world’s first system of writing that used a stylus to make wedge shaped symbols on clay tablets. • Writer • Picture symbols • Long poems that tell the stories of heros.

16. Vocabulary- Friday • Trade network • Commodities • Import • export • A system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth. • Trade goods • Goods brought in from other regions. • Items sent to other regions for trade.

17. Mesopotamian Trade • Atlas pages 11 &12 • Trade routes draw in RED. • Cities along trade route circle in YELLOW • 1) The Sumerians traded with places as far away as __________ and ___________. • 2) What commodities did the people in the Fertile Crescent export? • 3) What commodities did the people in the Fertile Crescent import? • 4) Where were the two types of camels imported from?

18. Asia Minor *Kanesh Taurus Mountains *Ugarit Ashur* *Ebla Tigris River *Byblos Cyprus *Enkomi Asia *Mari Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains *Akshak *Kyrene *Susa Syrian Desert *Ur Euphrates River Sinai Desert *Timna Akhetaton* Persian Gulf Arabian Desert Dilmur Nile *Thebes *Elephantine Western Desert Buhen* Sinai Peninsula Nubian Desert Kush/Nubia Punt Red Sea

20. One of the Sumerians’ most important developments was the wheel. They were the first people to build wheeled vehicles, including carts and wagons. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a device that spins clay as a craftsperson shapes it into bowls. This device is called a potter’s wheel. •     The plow was another important Sumerian invention. Pulled by oxen, plows broke through the hard clay soil of Sumer to prepare it for planting. This technique greatly increased farm production. The Sumerians also invented a clock that used falling water to measure time. •     Sumerian advances improved daily life in many ways. Sumerians built sewers under city streets. They learned to use bronze to make stronger tools and weapons. They even produced makeup and glass jewelry

21. Another area in which Sumerians excelled was math. In fact, they developed a math system based on the number 60. Based on this system, they divided a circle into 360 degrees. Dividing a year into 12 months—a factor of 60—was another Sumerian idea. Sumerians also calculated the areas of rectangles and triangles. •     Sumerian scholars studied science, too. They wrote long lists to record their study of the natural world. These tablets included the names of thousands of animals, plants, and minerals. •     The Sumerians also made advances in medicine. They used ingredients from animals, plants, and minerals to produce healing drugs. Items used in these medicines included milk, turtle shells, figs, and salt. The Sumerians even catalogued their medical knowledge, listing treatments according to symptoms and body parts.

22. The Sumerians’ skills in the fields of art, metalwork, and architecture—the scienceof building—are well known to us. The ruins of great buildings and fine works of art have provided us wonderful examples of the Sumerians’ creativity. • Most Sumerian rulers lived in large palaces. Other rich Sumerians had two-story homes with as many as a dozen rooms. Most people, however, lived in smaller, one-story houses. These homes had six or seven rooms arranged around a small courtyard. Large and small houses stood side by side along the narrow, unpaved streets of the city. Bricks made of mud were the houses’ main building blocks. •     City centers were dominated by their temples, the largest and most impressive buildings in Sumer. A ziggurat, a pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city. Outdoor staircases led to a platform and a shrine at the top. Some architects added columns to make the temples more attractive.

23. Sumerian sculptors produced many fine works. Among them are the statues of gods created for temples. Sumerian artists also sculpted small objects out of ivory and rare woods. Sumerian pottery is known more for its quantity than quality. Potters turned out many items, but few were works of beauty. •     Jewelry was a popular item in Sumer. The jewelers of the region made many beautiful works out of imported gold, silver, and gems. Earrings and other items found in the region show that Sumerian jewelers knew advanced methods for putting gold pieces together. •     Cylinder seals are perhaps Sumer’s most famous works of art. These small objects were stone cylinders engraved with designs. When rolled over clay, the designs would leave behind their imprint. Each seal left its own distinct imprint. As a result, a person could show ownership of a container by rolling a cylinder over the container’s wet clay surface. People could also use cylinder seals to “sign” documents or to decorate other clay objects. • Some seals showed battle scenes. Others displayed worship rituals. Some were highly decorative, with hundreds of carefully cut gems. They required great skill to make.

24.   The Sumerians also enjoyed music. Kings and temples hired musicians to play on special occasions. Sumerian musicians played reed pipes, drums, tambourines, and stringed instruments called lyres. Children learned songs in school. People sang hymns to gods and kings. Music and dance provided entertainment in marketplaces and homes. Some seals showed battle scenes. Others displayed worship rituals. Some were highly decorative, with hundreds of carefully cut gems. They required great skill to make.     The Sumerians also enjoyed music. Kings and temples hired musicians to play on special occasions. Sumerian musicians played reed pipes, drums, tambourines, and stringed instruments called lyres. Children learned songs in school. People sang hymns to gods and kings. Music and dance provided entertainment in marketplaces and homes.

25. GILGAMESH I • Epic poem first written down around 2000 BC • Part of oral tradition for at least 1000 years before it was written down • Hero is legendary king of the city-state of Uruk • Began career as good ruler • But turned into a tyrant • Gods decide to punish him for his pride Gilgamesh

26. Vocabulary • Architecture • ziggurat • The science of building. • A pyramid - shaped temple tower.

27. Accomplishments-Achievements

28. Sumerian Achievement Commercial • Directions: • You and a partner will develop a 20-30 second commercial trying to sell one achievement of the Sumerians • Include: • 1. Achievement Name • 2. Picture- Hand Drawn • 3. 20-30 second sales pitch- Why is it the best achievement on the market. • 4. Explain what it is used for • 5. Explain why someone should buy it

29. What were city-states, and how did they get along with each other? • The basic political unit consisting of a city and the land around it. • City-states were not always peaceful and fought each other for enough farmland to produce food . • Failure to win the battle resulted in slavery

30. The City Center of the city-state included the ziggurat. • Temples served civic and religious purposes • Daily sacrifices and rituals • Storage of surplus grain and other foods • Dwelling of priests and priestesses • Locale where craftsmen and artisans could practice their trades Ziggurats: Temples to the Gods

31. Background • As civilizations developed along rivers, their societies and governments became more advanced. Religion became a main characteristic of these ancient cultures. Kings claimed to rule with the approval of the gods, and ordinary people wore charms and performed rituals to avoid bad luck.

32. What is it and what was its purpose?

33. THEOCRACY:Kings: Servants of the Gods The powerful gods communicated their desires to humanity through the medium of a powerful priestly class or king who serves as the intermediary between the gods and the citizens of the city-state. - Government of the gods/priest class - Ruler may be divine himself, or chosen by the god/gods - Each city had its own gods This style of government is called a theocracy. A theocracy gives political decisions a religious authority, such as a priest. Restate and illustrate…..

34. How was King Sargon able to build the first empire? He built a permanent army and used it to defeat all the city-states of Sumer. Sargon was emperor, or ruler of his empire, for more than 50 years. However, the empire lasted only a century after his death. Later rulers could not keep the empire safe from invaders. Hostile tribes from the east raided and captured Akkad. A century of chaos followed

35. STILL MORE ON SARGON THE GREAT • According to legend, he was a poor orphan adopted by a gardener, who found him in a basket near the Euphrates River. He was not Sumerian. He was from a region outside of Mesopotamia called Akkad. • Not a harsh ruler by Mesopotamian standards, because he respected and adopted Sumerian culture and civilization.

36. Change in the Fertile Crescent • People from the neighboring region of Akkad later conquered Sumer and the rest of the area around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Once conquered, city-states were simply cities. Their kings were removed from power and the winner ruled all! • After the Akkadian Empire fell, two groups struggle for control of the Fertile Crescent. Babylonians and Assyrians became the major powers in the region.

37. Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire

38. Rise of Babylon • Although Ur rose to glory after the death of Sargon, repeated foreign attacks drained its strength. By 2000 BC, Ur lay in ruins. With Ur’s power gone, several waves of invaders battled to gain control of Mesopotamia The Rise of Babylon • Babylon was home to one such group. That city was located on the Euphrates River near what is today Baghdad, Iraq. Babylon had once been a Sumerian town. By 1800 BC, however, it was home to a powerful government of its own. In 1792 BC, Hammurabi (ham-uh-RAHB-ee) became Babylon’s king. He would become the city’s greatest monarch (MAH-nark), a ruler of a kingdom or empire.

39. Absolute power: King can do whatever he wants! • Divine right: gods have chosen who they want the king to be • So king really was THE BOSS. • A government run by a single ruler and his small group of religious advisors is called a THEOCRACY

40. Rise of Hammurabi • Hammurabi was a brilliant war leader. His armies fought many battles to expand his power. Eventually, he brought all of Mesopotamia into his empire, called the Babylonian Empire, after his capital. • Hammurabi’s skills were not limited to the battlefield, though. He was also an able ruler who could govern a huge empire. He oversaw many building and irrigation projects and improved Babylon’s tax collection system to help pay for them. He also brought much prosperity through increased trade. Hammurabi, however, is most famous for his code of laws.

41. Shekel: bronze coin in Babylon

42. HAMMURABI • Several Sumerian city-states seem to have some sort of rudimentary law code by 2300 BC • But the man credited with implementing the first uniform law code was the Babylonian king Hammurabi • Applied to almost all of Mesopotamia

43. Who was King Nebuchadnezzar? Identify one of his greatest achievements. • The most famous Chaldean king. • Rebuilt Babylon

44. Examine the photo. What do you think this is? • The carving on the top shows Hammurabi standing before Shamask, the god of justice, who is seated. • Below is a list of the gods’ names and saying they had given Hammurabi the right to rule. • At the bottom are the 282 laws. Yep, 282 of them. Not kidding.

45. Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi’s Codewas a set of 282 lawsthat dealt with almost every part of dailylife. There were laws on everything including trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury, and murder. It contained some ideas that are still found in laws today. Specific crimes brought specific penalties. However, social class did matter. For instance, injuring a rich man brought a greater penalty than injuring a poor man.

46. Accountability….? • Hammurabi’s Code was important not only for how thorough it was, but also because it was written down for all to see. • People all over the empire could read exactly what was against the law. • There were men whose job was to read the laws to citizens who could not do so for themselves. (the first lawyers? Maybe…)

47. After Hammurabi… • Hammurabi ruled for 42 years. During his reign, Babylon became the most important city in Mesopotamia. • However, after his death, Babylonian power declined. The kings that followed faced invasions from people Hammurabi had conquered. • Lack of a strong, organized leader= EPIC FAIL. Before long, the Babylonian Empire came to an end.

48. From Hammurabi’s Code: “Hammurabi, the protecting king am I…That the strong might not injure the weak, in order to protect the windows and orphans….I set up these my precious words, written upon my memorial stone, before the image of me , as a king of righteousness…” • According to Hammurabi, what was his purpose for having written these laws?

49. “By my command of Shamash, the great god and judge of heaven and earth, let the righteousness go forth in the land…..Let no destruction befall my monument…let my name be ever repeated; let the oppressed who has a case at law, come and stand before this my image as king of righteousness; let him read the inscription, and understand my precious words…..” • Who commanded Hammurabi to create this monument?

50. “In future time, through all coming generations, let the king who may be in the land, observe the words of righteousness which I have written on my monument; let him not alter the law of the land which I have given you…..”