Presentation Transcript

1. Unit 5

   Africa & Islam http://quizlet.com/_fy4ub Quizlet:
2. Concept Questions What are the historical origins and central beliefs of Islam and Sikhism? What caused the development of the Islamic empires and what effects did these developments have on civilization? What were the political, economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture? What role did trade ply in the spread of Islam and the diffusion of ideas and technology? What were the achievements of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals?
3. iSLAM Arabian Peninsula: crossroad of 3 continents Bedouins – desert tribes, nomads to oasis settlements Crossroads to trade & ideas Silk Road connection Mecca – central trade city Ka’aba – center of worship (360 idols) Many practiced monotheism Allah as God Muhammad was born here in 570 A.D.
4. The Prophet Muhammad Meditated & vision of angel Gabriel from Allah (God) @ 40 Muhammad believed he was last of the prophets Believers: Muslim = one who has submitted Islam = “submission to the will of Allah” Muhammad flees to Medina, 622 Hijrah: his flight from Mecca to Medina 622, Beginning of the Muslim calendar Drew many followers (converts) 630 his return to Mecca Ka’ba becomes the “House of God” Umma = Muslim religious community 632 Muhammad dies
5. Beliefs & Practices of Islam Main belief: one God, Allah Holy book: Qur’an (Koran) Five Pillars: Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” Prayer: 5 times a day, facing Mecca ; Mosque Alms – special religious tax for poor Fasting: in holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimage: hajj –to Mecca
6. Governments are theocracy Daily life and religion are same Other beliefs: May not eat pork Friday afternoons – communal worship in a mosque Has no priests or central religious authority Follow Sharia law – system of law made up of Sunna and Quran Sunna– Muhammad’s example – model for living Sharia – regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government. Applies the Qur’an to all legal situations Sunni and Shi’a sects interpret differently
7. The Spread of Islam After Muhammad’s death: ruled by Caliph = successor “Rightly guided” Caliphs – 1st 4 caliphs had known Muhammad Civil wars for control after last of 4 “Rightly Guided” caliphs died Caused split in Muslims Sunni – majority: supported Umayyad as caliph Shi’ite (Shi’a)- minority: thought caliph should be blood kin to Muhammad
8. Spread of Islam Trade, warfare and missionary activities of Sufis(Pursued a life of poverty and spirituality) Asia Abbasid caliphate – grew from a religious community in Southwest Asia to a political empire with interactions with Persian, Turkish and Indian cultures Spread along the Silk Road Europe Umayyad caliphate – established control over Spain, preserved Greek and Roman heritage, invasion halted at the Battle of Tours in 732 Spread ideas and technology, revived trade and helped end the Middle Ages Africa Fatimid caliphate - Merchants in port cities mixed Arabic with African Bantu to create Swahili, spread with the gold-salt trade into sub-Sahara
9. Muslims Huge Empire,
10. Muslim Society Created urban centers – Damascus (oldest) Baghdad (Abbasid capital), Cordoba (Umayyad capital), Cairo (Fatimid capital), 4 social classes: upper – Muslims by birth 2nd – Islam by conversion 3rd – “protected people of the book” Jews & Christians, Zoroastrians 4th – slaves, all non-Muslims Quran forbade forced conversion Conquered who adopted Islam exempt from taxes Persecuted people often welcomed them Islam appealed to lower classes
11. Muslim Scholarship House of Wisdomin Baghdad Medical advances, Math & Science Astrolabe to navigate Translated scientific and medical documents into Arabid Used experiments in laboratory settings Al-Khwarizmi – created algebra, bringing together unknowns to match known quantities Ibn al-Haytham – study of optics used to create telescopes
12. Art & Architecture Islam forbade depiction of living beings (only Allah can create life) Artists used calligraphy for expression (beautiful handwriting) Architecture: cultural blend Great Mosque of Damascus
13. Architecture
14. Role of Women: Women had legal rights under shari’a; educated, protected by laws, allowed divorce and inheritance, Women lived in seclusion Upper-class women were veiled Influential w/in the family, but not in public Allowed more freedoms in Muslim Africa Location and ruling sect has much to do with the day to day rules for women
15. Links to Judaism & Christianity: Allah is same God of Christians & Jews See Qur’an as same as Torah & Bible Qur’an was final book and Muhammad was final prophet All 3 religions believe in heaven, hell, & day of judgment Muslims trace ancestry to Abraham, same as Jews & Christians Christians & Jews are “people of the book” & Shari’a law required toleration
16. The Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem oldest Islamic monument – rock from which Muhammad ascended to heaven
17. The Middle East Today: World Book Online: Middle East
18. West African Kingdoms Ghana Production of iron weapons enabled them to control West Africa’s trade routes Gold-Salt trade Taxed all trade through their area System of feudalism Invaded by Muslims – never fully recovered Mali Conquered old Ghana area Rulers adopted Islam (not majority) Gold-Salt wealth Leader Mansa Musa – traveled to Mecca, brought back Muslim scholars Timbuktu – great learning center Ibn Battuta – Arab traveler impressed by wealth, respect for law and ruler’s power Songhai Rich from trade Continued Timbuktu as learning center Fell to Morocco, but they were unable to hold it from great distance Ended the great West African kingdoms Other States Traded precious goods and slaves from the interior of Africa with Muslims along the coast
19. GolD-SaLT Trade The shaded portion indicates the empire of Mali in the fourteenth century, and the dashed lines trace the main trans-Saharan routes of the period.
20. GOLD-SALT TRADE Gold, sought from the western and central Sudan, was the main commodity of the trans-Saharan trade. The traffic in gold was spurred by the demand for and supply of coinage. Leaders of the ancient kingdom of Ghana accumulated wealth by keeping the core of pure metal, leaving the unworked native gold to be marketed by their people.  Although local supply of salt was sufficient in sub-Saharan Africa, the consumption of Saharan salt was promoted for trade purposes.
21. African Slavery Originated with Muslim merchants Traded goods for slaves Muslim African rulers enslaved non-Muslims Had legal protections Could earn freedom through conversion
22. The Muslim World Expands: Ottomans Build a Empire Turks in Christian Byzantium Ghazis – warriors for Islam (like knights) “infidels” –people not Muslim Osman or Othman - his followers are called: Ottomans Successful use of technology-gun powder and muskets 1st to use cannons to destroy walls Treated conquered people kindly Constantinople becomes Istanbul Conquer Mecca, Medina, Cairo Controlled trade in the Mediterranean United the Muslim world - Turkish descent but practiced Islam – not all Muslims are Arab
23. Suleiman’s Empire: 1520-1566 Suleimanthe Lawgiver (Magnificent): Brought Ottoman empire to its peak size Controlled all of eastern Mediterranean Forced Christian Europe to find alternative trade routes (avoid paying the “middle men”) Caravanserai – roadside network of hotels to provide safety for merchants Trade routes brought vast amount of goods and ideas (cultural diffusion), as well as diseases (black plague) Respected other religions, allowed them to be ruled by their own people (millets) – self governing communities, paid special taxes supported great works of art, literature, music (Mosque of Suleiman)
24. Janissaries: elite force of 30,000 Conquered Christian territories Policy of devshirme– army took boys, educated them, converted to Islam, trained as soldiers (what al-queda & terrorists are doing today in Iraq/Afghanistan and parts of Africa) able to rise to high positions within the Ottoman Empire
25. Empire Declines Suleiman killed his ablest son, exiled another, weakest son became sultan Customary to kill rivals for the throne and keep sons locked away, they became ignorant leaders later Finally ended after WWI
26. Muslim-Hindu Interactions Although introduced by Arab merchants during the late 7th c., Islam became more prevalent in India through the Muslim conquests beginning in the 8th c. Invaders regarded the Hindu people as similar to the Mushriks of pre-Islamic Arabia, the idol-worshiping polytheistic tribes against whom Muhammad had waged wars, and for whom religious tolerance is not prescribed by the Quran
27. Muslim Invasion of India Conquered the region - Delhi Sultanate established in Northern/Central India Killed many Hindus, destroyed temples Ruled for 300+ years, Islam became official religion Hinduism still the dominate religion Islam resented by upper class Tamerlane (Mongol) Destroyed Delhi, murdered its people to end the Delhi Sultanate Allowed the return of traditional Hindu beliefs and customs
28. Sikhism Originated in Punjab (northern India) Guru Nanak Dev Developed out of Hindu Muslim interactions Reincarnation with one God All are equal in eyes of God No discrimination between classes, genders or faiths