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Second Temple Judaism

This timeline outlines key events in Second Temple Judaism, covering significant moments from the rebuilding of the Temple under Cyrus in 540 BCE to the establishment of Roman rule in 63 BCE. Important figures such as Ezra, Nehemiah, and the revolting Maccabees are highlighted, showcasing their roles in restoring the community and the Temple. The timeline illustrates the political landscape, including the influence of the Seleucids and Antiochus Epiphanes, and introduces pivotal events like the Maccabean Revolt and the rededication of the Temple.

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Second Temple Judaism

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  1. Second Temple Judaism Ezra-Nehemiah to the Maccabees

  2. Approximate Timeline (1) • 540 Cyrus • 520 Rebuilding Temple • 458 Traditional date of Ezra • 445 Nehemiah • 333 Alexander the Great

  3. Approximate Timeline (2) • 323 Division of the Empire • 200 Seleucids take Judah • 175 Antiochus Epiphanes reigns • 168 Maccabees Revolt • 164 Rededication of Temple • 63 Roman rule begins

  4. Ezra 1-6 Beginning Again

  5. The Book Ezra • In Hebrew, includes Ezra and Nehemiah • Ezr 1-6 Rebuilding temple • Ezr 7 – Neh 13 Rebuilding Wall and Community • Variant book (1 Esdras) • Eliminates Nehemiah story • Emphasizes Zerubbabel over Jeshua • Ties to 2 Chronicles

  6. Building the Temple • Decree of Cyrus [1:1-4; 6:1-5] • Opposition of “enemies” [4:1-5] • Confusion of temple and walls – and of kings [4:6-24] • Haggai and Zechariah [5:1; 6:14] • Encourage wall-building • No evidence of support for rebellion • Last positive reference to current prophets

  7. Ezra 7-10; Nehemiah 9 Ezra the Scribe

  8. Ezra in His Book (1) • Mission from Artaxerxes • Ezra 7:11-26 • Trip home • Praise [Ezra 7:27-28] • Completing community [Ezra 8:15-20] • Fasting preparation [Ezra 8:21-25]

  9. Ezra in His Book (2) • Crisis of foreign wives • Ezra 9:1-4; 10:9-17 • Reading the law • Nehemiah 8:1-8 • Feast of booths • Nehemiah 8:13-18

  10. Nehemiah 1-7; 12-13 Nehemiah The Governor

  11. Nehemiah in His Memoirs (1) • Mission from Artaxerxes • Nehemiah 2:1-10 • Rebuilding walls • Nehemiah 2:17-20 • Righting economic injustice • Nehemiah 5:1-13

  12. Nehemiah in His Memoirs (2) • Settling of Jerusalem • Nehemiah 7:4-5 • [Nehemiah 11:1-2] • Keeping Sabbath • Nehemiah 13:15-22 • Crisis of foreign marriages • Nehemiah 13:23-28

  13. A Different View • Third Isaiah • [See previous class notes] • Jonah • Forgiveness for the oppressors • Ruth • David’s Moabite ancestry • Elephantine • Lost Jewish colony

  14. Daniel 1-6 Living among Foreigners

  15. The Stories • Daniel 1: Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah prosper • Daniel 2: Nebuchadnezzar’s statue dream • Daniel 3: The fiery furnace • Daniel 4: Nebuchadnezzar with the beasts • Daniel 5: Belshazzar’s banquet • Daniel 6: Darius and the lion’s den

  16. Other Stories • Additions to Greek Daniel • Susanna • Bel and the dragon • Prayer of Azariah and Song of the three • Esther • Hebrew and Greek • Tobit • Story of “Jewish” exiles from Israel

  17. Daniel 7-12 Crisis and Liberation

  18. Historical Cast of Characters • Antiochus Epiphanes • “Epimanes” • Mattathias • Priest in the village of Modin • Judas • Maccabeus [The Hammer] • Jonathan and Simon • His brothers

  19. Daniel’s Visions • The four beasts [Daniel 7] • The ram and he-goat [Daniel 8] • Daniel’s prayer – and 70 weeks [Daniel 9] • Vision of the man who predicts fall of Persia and battles among Greeks, until they lose in battle against Michael [Daniel 10-12] • Daniel 12:5-13

  20. Related Works • 1 and 2 Maccabees [partisan histories] • 3 Maccabees [in Egypt] • Judith • Fictional battle won by resourceful woman • Apocalyptic • 2 Esdras • Revelation • 1 Enoch

  21. Legacy for the Future • Models of witness / martyrdom • Divisions in the community • Sadducees, Samaritans, Pharisees, Essenes, People of the Land • Hope • Community rebirth • Individual resurrection

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