Nathalie Nevo

1. Practice your grammar Nathalie Nevo

2. A Note to the Students These lessons are not intended to Introduce you to the English verb system. Use them as a review of what you’ve already learned.

3. Are English Verbs “difficult”? Are you miserable because you make mistakes with English verbs? Do you think you will never be able to learn? Are you sorry you didn’t listen to your teacher?

4. It’s not really so hard!!! You CAN speak and write good English You CAN get good grades on English exams. You only have to learn a few simple rules. Are you ready to LEARN and PRACTICE?

5. LESSON 1 An Overview

6. We talk a lot in these lessons about V1, V2, and V3. What in theworld are V1, V2, and V3?

7. Does this look familiar? • eat ate eaten • fall fell fallen • fly flew flown This is the table of irregular verbs that we know and love! V1 is the first column (“eat”, ,(צורת המקור V2 is the second column (“ate”, past simple form), V3 is the third column (“eaten”, called—oh well, V3)

8. Lots of people forget that a verb that ends in “d” or “ed” doesn’t have to be a verb in the simple past. Maybe it’s a regular verb in V3DISGUISED as a simple past verb. For example: love loved loved hate hated hated worry worried worried

9. 5 Verb Formulas • be + ing (progressive)--He was crying. • be + V3 (passive)--He wasbeaten. Four men werekilled. • have + V3 (perfect)--I have already eaten. • do + V1 (simple)-- Do you love me? I don’t hateyou. • modal + V1 (modal)--I canwait.

11. be is, am, are was, were 1. be + Ving (progressive) The bus is coming. Wewere waiting.

12. be is, am, are was, were 2. be + V3 (passive) Our mother was invited. Many promises were broken.

13. have has, have had have + V3(perfect) Youhave broken your promise. Our friendship hassurvived.

14. do do, does did do + V1(simple) Idon’tenjoy homework. Doyoulikeschool?

15. modals shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could, ought modal + V1(modal) Miri can speak four languages. We must finish. Would you like some coffee?

16. This is the end of Lesson 1

18. do do, does did do + V1(simple) Idon’tenjoy homework. Doyoulikeschool?

19. A special note about DO: We say that dois the helping verb for the “simple” tenses, but if they’re “simple”, then so is making peace with our neighbors! Pay attention:

20. With PRESENT SIMPLEand PAST SIMPLEONLY: present simple and past simple, there are 3 In kinds of sentences: • POSITIVE (+) Harry understands Amharic. • NEGATIVE (-) Jill doesn’t understand Amharic. • QUESTION (?) Does Jill understand French? What’s going on here????

21. In ( + ), the verb really has 2 jobs: • 1) MEANING (UNDERSTANDS(להבין -- • 2) GRAMMAR (UNDERSTANDS), which includes: • Time (understands, not understood; • “מבין” ולא “הבין”) • Number -- “understands” can’t be רבים • (think of he/she/it, which are all (יחיד • Person -- “understands” can’t be first person (I understands???) or second person (you understands????)

22. ב ( + ) הפועל מקבל על עצמו את שני התפקידים -- הן משמעות HARRY DREAMS)) והן דקדוק . .ב ( - ) ו ( ? ) יש פיצול

23. Now do you understand why the main verb must always be בצורת המקור?

24. Let’s Practice.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Shlomi loves computers. Before his father bought him a computer, he thought he would never be able to learn. He didn’t ________ he was clever enough. But now he’s a real professional!” “If Shlomi didn’t _________ computers to begin with, why did his father ________ him a computer?” “He __________ to encourage him. He knew that computers can be a wonderful help with schoolwork.”

25. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Shlomi loves computers. Before his father bought him a computer, he thought he would never be able to learn. He didn’t _think__ he was clever enough. But now he’s a real professional!” “If Shlomi didn’t __like___ computers to begin with, why did his father ___buy__ him a computer?” “He _wanted___ to encourage him. He knew that computers can be a wonderful help with schoolwork.”

26. Let’s Practice.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Hello, Mom? I have a problem. I left my keys at home this morning.” “Where did you ____________ them?” “I ___________ them on the table. __________ you see them?” “Yes, but you _________ have to worry. I won’t lock the door.”

27. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Hello, Mom? I have a problem. I left my keys at home this morning.” “Where did you ___leave____ them?” “I ___left____ them on the table. _Can or Do_ you see them?” “Yes, but you __don’t__ have to worry. I won’t lock the door.”

28. BUT Don’t think BE/HAVE/DOcan only be helping verbs .(פועלי עזר) Often they are main verbs .(הפועל העיקרי)

29. be/have/doas main verbs: • You are beingstupid! • Dan has had too many absences. • What did you dolast night?

30. In the following passage, write “HV” in the parentheses after a Helping Verb. If the word isn’t a helping verb, DON’T WRITE ANYTHING. My parents never listen to me. Sometimes they want me to do ( ) something that I don’t ( ) want to do ( ), or else they want me to not do ( ) what I do ( ) want. I have ( ) always been ( ) jealous of Moshe. His parents are ( ) so understanding! He doesn’t ( ) have ( ) any problems with them. They’re ( ) young, and patient, and they remember what it was ( ) like to be ( ) young. Moshe has ( ) never had ( ) any problems with his parents. Not like me. Moshe has ( ) all the luck, and I don’t ( ) have ( ) any. And I never do ( ) anything right!

31. Check your answers My parents never listen to me. Sometimes they want me to do ( ) something that I don’t ( HV ) want to do ( ), or else they want me to not do ( ) what I do ( HV ) want. I have ( HV ) always been ( ) jealous of Moshe. His parents are ( ) so understanding! He doesn’t ( HV ) have ( ) any problems with them. They’re ( ) young, and patient, and they remember what it was ( ) like to be ( ) young. Moshe has ( HV ) never had ( ) any problems with his parents. Not like me. Moshe has ( ) all the luck, and I don’t ( HV ) have ( ) any. And I never do ( ) anything right!

32. This is the end of Lesson 2

33. LESSON 3 A Few Words About Modals and Semi-Modals

34. modals shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could, ought modal + V1(modal) Miri can speak four languages. We must finish. Would you like some coffee?

35. A NOTE ABOUT SEMI-MODALS You shouldn’t--indeed, you can’t--use “can” in the past or in the future tense. Use a form of “be able to” instead, or (in past tense), use “could”. Examples: I can’tspeak Russian. I was able to or couldspeak it when I was young. I will be able to speak it again after my trip to Moscow.

36. A NOTE ABOUT SEMI-MODALS Another way to say “must” is “have to” (they both mean the same thing). In fact, in negative sentences (-), questions (?), and in the past or future tenses, you can’t use “must”; you have to use “have to”. Example: I must hurry. I have tohurry. You don’t have tohurry. She had tohurry so that she wouldn’t be late.

37. Let’s Practice.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Shirli, must you play the radio so loud?” “What __________ you say?” “Do you _____ ____ play the radio so loud?” “No, I don’t ______ _____. Do you _________ me to turn it down?” “Yes, I do, please, if you don’t _________ me to lose my hearing.”

38. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “Shirli, must you play the radio so loud?” “What ___did____ you say?” “Do you __have to___ play the radio so loud?” “No, I don’t __have to___. Do you __want___ me to turn it down?” “Yes, I do, please, if you don’t _want____ me to lose my hearing.”

39. Let’s Practice.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “_________ you help me, please? I want a book about the Internet, but I ___________ find one.” “_________ you look among the computer books?” “Yes, I __________, but I ______________ find anything.” “Well, I’m ____________ somebody else right now, but I _______ ____ ______ ___ help you in about ten minutes. ________ you come back in ten minutes?” “OK. And in the meantime, I __________ try again. Maybe I _____ ___ _____ ___ find it by then.”

40. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): “___Can___ you help me, please? I want a book about the Internet, but I ___can’t___ find one.” “___Did___ you look among the computer books?” “Yes, I ___did____, but I __couldn’t____ find anything.” “Well, I’m __helping___ somebody else right now, but I ___will be able to__ help you in about ten minutes. ___Can__ you come back in ten minutes?” “OK. And in the meantime, I ___will___ try again. Maybe I __will be able to__ find it by then.”

41. Refresh Your Memory-- Take another look at the table of helping verbs. Pay attention to the colors.

43. Let’s Review.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. Moshe _________ drive (V1)more carefully. He _____________ drive (V1)so carelessly. 2. _________ you want (V1)anything to eat? Yes, thanks. I ___________ like (V1)a sandwich. 3. Bob ______ actingin movies and making lots of money. 4. __________ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat? No, I ________ remember (V1)seeing it. 5. Dan ______ wasted(V3 - regular verb) all of his money. 6. Some Americans _______ surprised (V3 - regular verb) when Bush ____ elected (V3 - regular verb) President. • These photographs ________ taken (V3 - irregularverb)at Niagara Falls.

44. Let’s Review.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. Moshe _should__ drive (V1)more carefully. He ___shouldn’t_ drive (V1)so carelessly. 2. ___Do____ you want (V1)anything to eat? Yes, thanks. I __would____ like (V1)a sandwich. 3. Bob __is__ actingin movies and making lots of money. 4. ___Have___ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat? No, I __don’t_ remember (V1)seeing it. 5. Dan _has__ wasted(V3 - regular verb) all of his money. 6. Some Americans _were__ surprised (V3 - regular verb) when Clinton _was_elected (V3 - regular verb) President. • These photographs __were__ taken (V3 - irregular verb)at Niagara Falls.

45. Let’s Review Some More.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. Don’t you ________ you _________ drunk enough beer? 2. People should__________ a dentist once a year. 3. I will ________ an umbrella, because it may __________. 4. Gabi has always ___________ to visit India. 5. Most of our friends had already _________ the party when we arrived. Why did they _________ so soon? 6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning. __________ you sleeping? 7. I was ___________ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot. • Poor Miri! She’s __________ her arm! Call a doctor!

46. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. Don’t you _think__ you __have___ drunk enough beer? 2. People should___see____ a dentist once a year. 3. I will __take__ an umbrella, because it may __rain____. 4. Gabi has always __wanted___ to visit India. 5. Most of our friends had already __left___ the party when we arrived. Why did they __leave__ so soon? 6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning. __Were____ you sleeping? 7. I was __watching_ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot. 8. Poor Miri! She’s__broken__ her arm! Call a doctor!

47. Let’s Try a Test.... Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. I don’t _________ to think about it. 2. Anat _______ lost ten kilo. You ___________ see her! 3. Did you _____________ to take your keys? 4. I haven’t ________, and I _____ not planning to eat anything before dinner. 5. ________ you considered going into politics? 6. He is ______________ a great expert. 7. A lot of wine was __________ at the party last night. • We ___________ talking on the telephone when the lights went out.

48. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 1. I don’t _want____ to think about it. 2. Anat __has__ lost ten kilo. You _should____ see her! 3. Did you __remember___ to take your keys? 4. I haven’t __eaten_, and I _am__ not planning to eat anything before dinner. 5. __Have__ you considered going into politics? 6. He is __considered__ a great expert. 7. A lot of wine was __drunk___ at the party last night. 8. We ___were____ talking on the telephone when the lights went out.

49. A Test....Part 2: Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 9. You could _________ until the last minute, or you could ________ the work now and _________ it over with. 10. _________ you name ten countries in Africa? 11. I __________ sleep very well last night. • I have _________ my promise, and I _________ keep my word.

50. Check your answers Use what you’ve learned to fill in the missing word(s): 9. You could __wait___ until the last minute, or you could ___do___ the work now and ___get___ it over with. 10. ___Can___ you name ten countries in Africa? 11. I __didn’t__ sleep very well last night. • I have __given__ my promise, and I __will___ keep my word.