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1. Chapter 37: The End of Empire

   Katie Anderson, Eva Dickerson, Anton Graf, Morgan Markwood
2. Objectives Compare and contrast the results of decolonization in Africa, Asia, and India. Compare the legacies of colonialism and the patterns of economic development in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Compare nationalist ideologies and movements in contrasting European and colonial environments. Compare the different types of independence struggles.
3. Decolonization in Africa No education in Africa Africans as pure laborers No education meant no specialists Removal of colonists meant few educated people Society collapsed Colonial lines By geography, not culture Civil wars Most significant: Rwandan Genocide
4. Legacy of Colonialism in Sub-saharan Africa Experiences a period of disillusionment as original optimism regarding decolonization fades Political stability shaken by severe civil wars and territorial disputes The Organization of African Unity (OAU) created to solve issues left in the wake of decolonization Agreed with international law that African borders were inviolable Members (esp. Kwame Nkrumah) encouraged pan-African unity Idea of pan-African unity was never realized (ex. Kwame Nkrumah, former president of Ghana) as military coups become popular in many nations
5. Decolonization of Asia Sought independence from France Revolt after WWII Led by Ho Chi Minh Japanese conquest of Vietnam ended French rule Ho Chi Minh helped oust Japanese from Vietnam Declaration of Independence French sought revenge for humiliation
6. Decolonization of Asia c. French retaliation British, US weapons Recaptured South Vietnam in 1945 Bombed Northern cities, killed 10,000+ citizens Security was temporary Guerilla warfare from the countryside Rebel groups grew increasingly influential Chinese aid helped Vietnamese freedom
7. Decolonization of Asia c. Vietnam - Geneva Peace Conference 17th parallel for N/S partition US support of South Ignored terms of Geneva Agreements, brought unpopular president 1960 - National Liberation Front USSR and China support North US military engagement, stalemate South Vietnam wins 1975, reunification 1976
8. Arab National States Little difficulty freeing themselves from colonial powers post WWII Post Great War - Mandate system Egypt had almost complete autonomy Limited by British military control of Suez Canal, oil-rich Persian Gulf
9. Arab National States c. Arab Independence Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan Superpowers wanted oil, tried to hold the Middle East Focus on Palestine Palestine Great Britain as mandate power Conflicting promises to Palestinian Arabs and new Jews Balfour Declaration of 1917 - Homeland for Jews
10. Arab National States c. Balfour Declaration Partially due to vibrant Zionist movement Allied support at Paris Peace Conference in 1919 Limited migration to Palestine Arab Nationalism wanted Palestinian independence British gave up with management, turned the area to UN US and USSR supported split into Jewish and Arab states
11. Arab National States c. Israel declared independence in 1948 5 decades of conflicts Israel boundaries swelled Conflict even to today in occupied areas Egypt 1952 - bloodless coup by Gamal Abdel Nasser, communists, and Muslim Brotherhood 1954 - Took control of government Worked to develop economy and military
12. Arab National States c. Egypt Nasser went neutral Wanted out of Cold War politics Condemned states that made military alliances Made alliances with US and USSR to play the system Ridding Arab world of imperial interference Abolished British rights to Suez Canal Anti-Israel
13. Arab National States c. Suez Canal Crisis Egypt attempted to nationalize the canal for profit Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces US and USSR condemned the fighting Tore at Cold War’s fragile peace Est. USSR as supporter of Arab independence Ousted all imperial control, challenge the bipolar worldview
14. Decolonization of India Churchill despised Ghandi Prevent “liquidation” of the British empire Gradual shift to self-rule India Act of 1935 Showed need for separate Muslim state WWII brought in Labour gov’t Sought to dismantle empire Due to economic devastation
15. Decolonization of India c. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Leader of Muslim League Fought Gandhi, other Congress Party leaders Day of Direct Action In midst of British negotiations 6,000 died in Great Calcutta Killing 15 August, 1947 Split India, Pakistan Gandhi didn’t celebrate
16. Decolonization of India c. Migrations India/Pakistan by mid-1948 10,000,000 refugees 500,000-1,000,000 dead India was jewel in Britain’s crown Breakaway was significant Encouraged anti-imperial movements Nonalignment Good in theory, failed in practice Asian/African states committed to neither US/USSR
17. Patterns of Economic Development in Africa Pre-existing poverty creates further tension Due to lack of formal administration and welfare programs Prevented nations from acquiring capital Nations rich in natural resources established trade with ex-colonial powers Further complications in economic development 1970s: falling commodity prices, increased import costs, and large foreign debts Widespread drought, famine, and complications in agricultural production
18. Patterns of Economic Development in Africa c. Becomes a large proponent of the New International Economic Order Formed by a group of developing nations Worked to establish a fairer allocation of world funds Works to establish greater place in global economy This often entails dependency on foreign nations
19. Legacy of Colonialism in Asia India Maintains political stability and democracy after independence Indira Gandhi Voted against due to results of “green revolution”, harsh birth control policies, and suspension of democratic processes Sikh conflict regarding autonomy of Punjab region Existing issues of overpopulation, sectarian disputes,and poverty continue
20. Patterns of Economic Development in Asia India Faces overpopulation and sectarian problems Prime minister Indira Gandhi encourages “green revolution” Increases agricultural yields Only aided wealthy farmers Results: Dissatisfaction amongst peasants
21. Patterns of Economic Development in Asia C. China Mao reunification Rapid industrialization Collective land ownership Five-Year plan: expansion of heavy industry and infrastructural improvements Redistributed land but outlawed private marketing for peasant crops
22. Patterns of Economic Development in Asia Continued The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Intended to overtake foreign industrial production Collectivized all land to manage business and industrial enterprises collectively Resulted in one of the greatest famines in history Mao blamed & slaughter sparrows, allowing for insects to roam free
23. Patterns of Economic Development in Asia Continued Deng Xiaoping Ameliorated many issues regarding Mao’s policies Responsible for China’s engagement in the global financial and trading system Sent students to Western institutions of study Resulting radical political campaigns revealed the tensions between developing economy and maintaining political system 21st century leaders have balanced centralized political control with economic growth
24. Legacy of Colonialism in Latin America Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) harshly delegates economic strategy Fluxuate between foreign reliance and independence Lasted until 1990’s, when peasants protested political oppression Gave rise to Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) Shift to democratic political competition and multiparty elections
25. Legacy of Colonialism in Latin America C. Argentina Remained relatively independent of foreign powers Led to position of leader in Latin America against neocolonialism Independence encourage free elections and shared political power Brutal militaristic leaders emerged Juan and Eva Peron Beginnings of Peronist party and nationalistic populism
26. Legacy of Colonialism in Latin America C. Military dictators take over after Peron Initiate “dirty war” during 1970s and 1980s 6-23 thousand civilian disappearances Demands for democracy aided by economic turmoil
27. Patterns of Economic Development in Latin America Mexico Constitutional reforms made by Lazaro Cardenas Reforms allowed for confiscation and redistribution of land Over 45 million acres return to peasants Took control of oil industry from foreign industry Resulting capital elicited Mexican economic miracle
28. Patterns of Economic Development in Latin America c. Argentina Expansive economy based on cattle raising and agriculture Mostly independent of U.S economic control Increased poverty levels and economic issues after “dirty war” Guatemala Foreign companies like United Fruit Company dominate Guatemalan economy President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman seizes uncultivated land U.S reacted by sending CIA to Honduras and Nicaragua CIA train noncommunist Guatemalans to overthrow Guzman After Guzman assassination, U.S returns land to major foreign companies
29. Patterns of Economic Development in Latin America c. Generally, landowning elites who gained control in the colonial era remained in control The few rich were backed by U.S. Large masses of poor Foreign interference made economic expansion difficult WWII allowed for nations to prosper during and after Growth results from larger export trade Common exports minerals, sugar, fruits, and coffee
30. Nationalistic Ideologies in European and Colonial Environments Review of Nationalism in Europe Fascist Italy Led by Benito Mussolini Created as a response to the threat of communism and socialism Formed into a totalitarian fascist regime Fascism=extreme nationalism
31. Review of Nationalism in Europe Cont. Nazi Germany Led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party Influenced by Italian Fascism Totalitarian Government Goals Re-establish Germany power Used Jews and other “inferior races” as a scapegoat for Germany’s decline Topple the restrictions of the Versailles Treaty Both of these states were heavily militarized
32. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Nationalism in India Goal was to gain independence from Britain Split between two different factions: Islamic Indians- Muslim League Hindu Indians- Congress Party Muslim League Created to advance Muslim causes Wanted to create a separate Muslim state Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muslims feared a Hindu dominance
33. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Congress Party Supported a united India Led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru Achieved their goals through civil disobedience Ultimately India was divided into Muslim Pakistan and predominantly Hindu India
34. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Israeli Nationalism Palestine Split between Jews and Muslims Owned by the British Gave up control to UN UN proposed idea of dividing Palestine Result of: Holocaust Jews’ need for strong state
35. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Arabs did not agree A civil war broke out in 1947 Israel declared independence in 1948 Israel’s proclamation lead to 5 decades of conflict Resulted in Israel’s growth Intifada- Mass demonstrations in the Gaza Strip against Israeli rule Conflicts remain unresolved
36. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Modern Arab Nationalism Modern form- lead by Egypt Response to Israel Arabs united in support of Palestinian Muslims Response to Imperialism Chief figure was Gamal Abdel Nasser Became Egyptian prime minister through a 1952 coup Goals: Eradicate Israel Encourage self-sufficient Arab nations
37. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Egypt and Anti-Imperialism Against US and Soviet influence Condemned their Arab allies Israel was result of imperialism Must be destroyed Superpowers forced to compete for influence Cold war = new opportunities Used Soviet and US influence for: Economic benefits Military benefits
38. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Actions against British and French Revoked British control of Suez Canal British response: War France, UK, Israel invaded Suez area Succeeded militarily Failed politically US and USSR condemned actions Egypt retained control Aided Algerian war against French
39. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Islamic Nationalism Middle East was chaotic Democracies, Monarchies, Military Dictatorships Iran: Led the Islamic Resurgence Islamic Revolution in 1979 Established Islamic theocracy Led by Ayatollah Khomeini Very strongly anti-US Coined as “Islamism”
40. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Black African Nationalism “Negritude” AKA “Blackness” African intellectual movement Inspired by contemporary thought by blacks in the US and the Caribbean Goal to revive: Tradition & Culture Poetry Writing
41. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Growth of Black Nationalism Spurred on by anti-imperialism Workers strikes African elite organized demonstrations Christian churches helped Lead to independence movements in the future
42. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments Vietnamese Nationalism Freed themselves from France in 1954 North vs South North: Communist Totalitarian State Backed by Soviets and China Goals: Unite Country into one communist state South: Capitalist Democracy Backed by US Goals: Preserve state
43. Nationalistic Ideologies in Colonial Environments- Quick Comparison Middle Eastern Nationalism European Nationalism Fascism Militarism Totalitarian Governments Asian Nationalism Communist totalitarian states, like North Vietnam Democratic state, like South Vietnam African Nationalism Cultural movement Inspired independence movements Some peaceful: ie Ghana’s independence from UK Some violent: ie Algerian war against France Egyptian “Style” Anti-Imperialism Strong economy and military Democracy, dictatorships, monarchies Example: Egypt Islamic Nationalism Totalitarian states, promoted Sharia law goal of “pan-Islamic unity” Example: Iran South American Nationalism Against neocolonialism (US influence) Argentina: militarized Mexico: controlled economy Democracies and dictatorships

44. Comparing Independence Struggles

45. Regions
46. Similarities Non alignment Gained freedom after WWII Weakness of Colonizers Cold War Politics Overcome internal struggles ethnic divides religious divides India: Hindus, Muslims Palestine: Jews, Muslims Rwanda: Tutsi Hutu
47. Differences Arab Indepence Oil interests Easier time than other nations Palestine Asylum for jews Land held by palestinians Egypt particularly non violent
48. Differences Africa Tribal, ethnic, religious, linguistic divides