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Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetically Modified Organisms. NL. What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Any organism that has had its genetic makeup directly altered; either to gain a desired trait from another organism or remove an unwanted one Also called genetic engineering or transgenic

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Genetically Modified Organisms

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  1. Genetically Modified Organisms NL

  2. What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) • Any organism that has had its genetic makeup directly altered; either to gain a desired trait from another organism or remove an unwanted one • Also called genetic engineering or transgenic • Developed with biotechnology • Made in things like medicine, food, food ingredients, animals

  3. How is it done? • The desired gene of an organism is cut by restriction enzymes • the desired gene is then inserted into a plasmid vector to be introduced into the organisms • Undesired genes are removed by restriction enzymes

  4. Cont. The foreign DNA is inserted into the host by: • Microinjection process (DNA in micropipette inserted in embryo) • Bacteria • Viruses • Gene Guns

  5. Artificial Selection • For many years, people have been altering genomes of plants/animals through breeding for desired traits • Artificial Selection is limited to naturally occurring variations • Genetic engineering techniques allow precise control over genetics changes in organisms that can be unrelated

  6. History • First reported recombination of genetic material was in 1973 • One of the first applications was insulin by the bacteria E. coli, used to treat diabetes; approved by FDA in 1982 • In 1988, the first field tests of GM food were done for canola plants to increase yield In 1994, the first GM food was made available to consumers;Long-lasting tomatoes • By 2006, 252 million acres of GMO crops were planted by 10.3 farmers in 22 countries • Most things we eat now are GMOs or have GMO ingredients

  7. Examples of GMO's Rape Plants- given a gene enabling it to resist certain pesticides.

  8. Long-Lasting Tomatoes Genetically Modified to produce less of the substance that causes it rot so it will remain firm/fresh for longer

  9. Golden Rice Genetically Modified to contain large amount of beta-carotene, which converts into vitamin A in the body

  10. Bt-Corn or Sweet Corn Genetically Modified to produce a poison to kill harmful insects, no longer needing insecticides. Called Bt-corn because the enhanced gene is from a bacteria called Bacillus Thuringiensis

  11. GloFish Natural Zebrafish with genes from bioluminescent marine organisms

  12. Benefits Crops • Greater quality and taste • Mature quicker • Increase in nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides Able to survive extreme weather Animals • Increased resistance, productivity,hardiness, and feed efficiency • Better yields of meat, eggs and milk • Improved animal health and diagnostic Methods Environment • Friendly bioherbicides and bioinsectides • Conservation of soil, water and energy

  13. Controversies & Concerns • Health risk of allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers • Environment risks unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms • Developing nations will depend even more Industrialized nations • Violation of natural organisms values • Tampering with nature by mixing genes of different species • Having plant genes in animals or vice versa

  14. Regulation of GM food in Canada • Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) controls the regulation of GM foods in Canada CFIA has a certain criteria for new GM food in Canada: • How the crop was developed, with biological change of the food • composition of the new food vs the old food • nutritional information of new food vs old food • the potential of toxins and for causing allergic reactions

  15. Future Outlook GM plants be used to produce recombinant vaccines, so that once consumed by individuals they will be vaccinated against diseases. This will aid in the solution to the spread of diseases • Plants that will produce new plastics that are more environmentally friendly • Fruit and nut trees that will yield years earlier

  16. Conclusion • GMOs will help with the starvation problems around the world • As the technology improves so will the use of GMOs and limit the risks involved • We can eventually help ourselves with the experiments on animals

  17. References Dharmananda, S. (2005, December). Issues Surrounding Genetically Modified Products. In ITM Online. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.itmonline.org/arts/gmo.htm Phillips, T. (2008). Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology. In Scitable. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732 Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms. (2008, November 5). In Human Genome Project Information. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml Chaudry, A. (2004, August). Genetically Modified Foods. In The Science Creative Quarterly. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.scq.ubc.ca/genetically-modified-foods/ 4 Examples of Genetically modified crops. (2002). In Future Food. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.bionetonline.org/english/content/ff_cont3.htm Glofish FAQ. (2003). In Glofish. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.glofish.com/faq.asp DNA Microinjection. (2011). In Trasgenic Mouse Facility. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://www.research.uci.edu/tmf/dnaMicro.htm Lassahn, N. (2009, June 13). How Genetically Modified Organisms are Made. In Nutririon . Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://nicole-lassahn.suite101.com/how-are-gmos-made-a125159

  18. References image slide 3: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/122433/Genetically-modified-organisms-are-produced-using-scientific-methods-that-include Imade slide 4: http://www.research.uci.edu/tmf/dnaMicro.htm Image slide 5: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/gmo.htm Image slide 6: http://www.fitnraw.com/how-to-identify-genetically-modified-food/ Image slide 7: http://www.123rf.com/photo_2170378_rape-plant-and-rape-field--plant-detail.html Image slide 10: http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/Genetically-Modified-Corn-Safe-Or-Toxic.aspx Image slide 9: http://www.goldenrice.org/ Image slide 8: http://calorielab.com/news/categories/weight-control-in-the-military/ Image slide 11: http://frankenfish.com/main-2/genetically-engineered-fish/glofish Image Slide 13: http://www.kimberlysnyder.net/blog/2012/02/23/7-foods-you-should-never-ever-eat/

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