- Hokkaido Development Engineering Center Kyosuke IJICHI

1. Reading “A Good Book” Reducing Vulgarity of the Mass :Moralizing Effects of a Classical Good Book in Social Dilemmas - Hokkaido Development Engineering Center Kyosuke IJICHI - Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Tsuyoshi HATORI - Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Satoshi FUJII

2. Introduction 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas

3. The ultimate objective of SD research 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas How can we solve social dilemmas in the real world? One simple answer All the proselfs become prosocials. Next question How ? Answer ???

4. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Who is proself? One possibility to theorize “who is proself” is ….. to refer the philosophical discussion on “the mass man” by Ortega. (Fujii, et al., 2007; Hatori et al., 2009)

5. “the mass man” by Ortega. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas The Rebellion of the Masses (La rebelion de las masas) Ortega y Gasset (1914), a political philosopher in Spain, discussed in “La rebelion de las masas” that the vulgar masses had emerged in modern age, and they violated various kinds of good traditions, beautiful things, and social systems. The important characteristics of his theory was “the masses” was regarded as psychologicaldisposition (not a social class), rather than the volume of people. “The masses” can be found in any classesand in any occupations.

6. Who is the mass man? 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas There are a lot of descriptions of “the masses” (or the mass man) in the Ortega’s book. Ex.) “The mass man never be critical toward themselves, and he regards himself as a sensible man.” 40 items were developed as measure for “the masses” (Fujii et al., 2007) from the descriptions of the book. For example, the following was developed from the above descriptions. “I think my opinion is always right.”

7. Who is the masses? The 40 scores for the masses 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas What restrict me is nothing than myself. I think my opinion is always right. I feel that I will win all the time. I am sure my preference should be reflected to society. I should not listen to the others' opinion. I am not interested in reasons. I am not interested in backgrounds. Japan may be disappeared in the future. Every problems would be solved by techniques. I think I am I, and the others are the just others. I must not committed our own things to the others. I would like to live freely from moral or ethics. I respect traditional things. (*) The world is occupied by what should be appreciated..(*) I feel the world is occupied by wonders.(*) We have obligation to inherit, to improve and to hand traditions to the next generation.(*) I demand a lot to myself.(*) I can not find any significance of my life without tihngs to contribute.(*) I alwais take responsibility.(*) etc…. *:rev

8. Principle component analysis for the scores of the masses 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Who is the masses? What restrict me is nothing than myself. I think my opinion is always right. I feel that I will win all the time. I am sure my preference should be reflected to society. I should not listen to the others' opinion. I am not interested in reasons. I am not interested in backgrounds. Japan may be disappeared in the future. Every problems would be solved by techniques. I think I am I, and the others are the just others. I must not committed our own things to the others. I would like to live freely from moral or ethics. I respect traditional things. (*) The world is occupied by what should be appreciated..(*) I feel the world is occupied by wonders.(*) We have obligation to inherit, to improve and to hand traditions to the next generation.(*) I demand a lot to myself.(*) I can not find any significance of my life without tihngs to contribute.(*) I alwais take responsibility.(*) etc…. Arrogance a = .68 Autosynnoia a = .67 *:rev

9. Conclusion in previous study (Fujii et al., 2007) 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas The masses Ortega defined in Spain in early 20thcan be found in Japan in early 21st, as well. They were significantly correlated with pro-self. The mass man, who has the both aspects together, defects more than proself.

10. Research Question 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas • How can we reduce the tendency of the Mass man ? • One simpleand traditional approach would be education through a “good book.” • The research purpose is to test the effectiveness of this simple approach, using a classical book (by Uchimura Kanzo).

11. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas ～　Representative Men of Japan (Uchimura,1908)～ ●Human history of five Japanese men - Takamori Saigo / Youzan Uesugi / Sontoku Ninomiya / Tojyu Nakae / Nichiren ● Edification Book It contains : Japanese traditional ethic : Japanese noble-mindedness - Until now, this book has been read by many children, and also by many adults in Japan -This book is highly regarded also in foreign country（U.S.A / Germany / Denmark.. ） (for example J.F.Kennedy read this book!!)

12. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas ■Hypothesis Reading “Representative Men of Japan” would reduce the spiritual vulgarity of the masses To test this hypothesis, an experiment was implemented

13. Participants = 300 students in Tokyo Institute of Technology (male = 66.2%, mean age = 20.8) 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Method • They were assigned randomly to.. Cont. group (n = 100) = make them to read “You Tube Revolution” Exp. Group (n = 200) = make them to read “Representative Men of Japan” (note: they were asked to write a report for the book) • We measure “the mass man measure” immediately before and 2 weeks after reading the book (=the deadline for the report).

14. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas before reading book after reading book before reading book after reading book Result Significant Fig. Change in Mean of“arrogance” Fig. Change in Mean of“autosynnoia” “Uchimura” book “You Tube” book “Uchimura” book “You Tube” book At least for 2 weeks after reading “The Representative Men of Japan”, “the arrogance” tendency was reduced Reading “The Representative Men of Japan” reduce the spiritual vulgarity of the masses (supported the hypothesis)

15. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas For whom, the good book was influential…? • We did regression analysis where a dependent variable was “change in the mass man measure”. • The step wise method yields the variables regarding • good communications and • good upbringing • in home, in childhood • were significant. ＊：5% level significant Influence of reading “The Representative Men of Japan” was larger for those who disciplined and have more communication at home

16. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Conclusion

17. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Reading the classic book “Representative Men of Japan” might have relevant effects to prevent massification of human being Promotion such classic book might be efficacious in reducing defection in social dilemmas Conclusion The result suggested that But Note that preserving ”good families for children” seems to be indispensable

18. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Thank you - Hokkaido Development Engineering Center Kyosuke IJICHI

19. How defective “the mass man” is? (in Fujii et al., 2007) 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas This shows how defective various types of man are. the mass is both “arrogant” and “autosynoia” The mass man defects “the most” for all SDs. (Namely, the mass man measure is a stronger determinants of defection than social value orientation)

20. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Participants in this experiment 1st questionnaire survey （pre-survey） date ： 18-19th July 2007 participants ： 300 university students in Tokyo Institute of Technology ,Japan （male : 259，female : 41，age : M=20.81，SD=2.18） 2nd questionnaire survey （2 weeks after reading the book） date ： 17-18th October 2007 participants ： 124 university students in Tokyo Institute of Technology ,Japan （male : 97，female : 27，age : M=20.60，SD=1.93） 3rd questionnaire survey （3 month after reading the book） date ： 18-19th December 2007 participants ： 110 university students in Tokyo Institute of Technology ,Japan （male : 84，female : 26，age : M=20.63，SD=2.03）

21. Analysis of variance 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Result: The difference between 1st surveyand 3rd survey wave1: before reading the book wave3: 3 month after reading the book Fig. Change in Mean of“vulgarity” Fig. Change in Mean of“contumelious” Fig. Change in Mean of“autistic” Table. Result of analysis of variance 3 month after reading “The Representative Men of Japan”, it is no significant difference between groups about the change of “the vulgarity”

22. discipline in child period influences the formation of the spiritual vulgarity of the masses 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas and now… in the previous study… Effects of reading the book was longerfor those who have being well brought up ? Simple liner regression analysis for both groups in wave3 (3 month after reading the book) - dependent variable = the difference of “the vulgarity” - explaining variable = some scales of “Discipline” and life circumstance in child period and then… compare the coefficient between the 2 groups (t-test)

23. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Result: Influence of “life circumstance in child period” on effect of reading “The Representative Men of Japan” discipline * * Wealth of Communication at Home Effect of reading “The Representative Men of Japan” was larger for those who disciplined and have more communication at home ＊：5% level significant

24. Result : diffusion of “A Good Book” 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas

25. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Result: : A possibility of reducing “the vulgarity ” by diffusion of “A Good Book” Is there the difference of “diffusion of the book” between Experimental Group (reading “The Representative Men of Japan”) and Control Group (reading “You Tube Revolution”) ? Q. Have you ever recommended the book to any persons ? Table. Result of chi-square (χ2) test 17（27％） Experimental Group : Yes Control Group : 5（13％） There is a tendency that “The Representative Men of Japan” diffuse more widely than “You Tube Revolution” It is expected that secondary effects of measure for reducing “the vulgarity” through diffusion of “A Good Book”

26. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas Items of the vulgarity scale ★ 5件法

27. 13th International Conference on Social Dilemmas “Discipline” and life circumstance in child period ★ ７件法