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    1. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????: ??? ???? ????? ???? ?.1

    2. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????: ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????: ?????? "?????? ????? ????????" ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????: ????, ????? ????. ?????? "??????? ???????? ????????????" ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????: ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????! ??? ???? ????? ????, ?.1

    3. ?????? ????? ???????? ???/? ????: ????? ??????

    4. ???? - Hydrogen ??? ????: H ????? ????? ?? ?????: 2H ???? ?????: 1 ??? ??????: 1 ?????: ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????: 1312 kj/mol ???? ????????? ?????: 1 ?????? ??????????: 1 ????? ???????: ??? (O2H), ?????? (C6H12O6) ??? ????? ????????? ????: ?? ???????? ????: -259.14oC ???????? ?????: -252.87oC ??????: ????? ??? ?????, ???? ????, ??? ???, ??? ????, ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? , ?? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????: ????? ????? ???? 1766, ?? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ??????'? (???? ???) ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???.

    5. ????? - Helium ??? ????: He ???? ?????: 2 ??? ??????: 4 ?????: ?? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????: 2372.3 kj/mol ???? ????????? ?????: 2 ?????? ??????????: 2 ????? ???????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????: ?? ???????? ????: ??? ???????? ?????: -268.6oC ??????: ??? ???, ??? ????, ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????, ???? ?? ????? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??-???? ???? ?-272.2oC-. ???? ??-????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????: ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????: ????? ???? 1868 ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ????? – ??????? "???".

    6. ??? – Gold, Aurum ??? ????: Au ????? ????? ?? ?????: Au ???? ?????: 79 ??? ??????: 197 ?????: ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????: 890.1 kj/mol ???? ????????? ?????: 79 ?????? ??????????: 2,8,18,32,18,1 ??? ????? ????????? ????: ???? ???????? ????: 1064.18oC ???????? ?????: 2856oC ??????: ???? ?????, ?? ??????, ??? ????, ????, ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ??. ??????? ???????: ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????: ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? (?????). ???? 1849, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????.

    7. ??????? ???????????? ???/? ?????: ????? ??????

    8. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? 3 ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????: ???? ??????? 235 "????" ??????? ????? ???????? 236 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? 3 ????????? ??? ?????? ?"? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

    9. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? (2 ???? 4, 36 ???? 72 ??????) ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

    10. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (?????? ?? ???????) ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? (?????? ?? ???????) ?? ???? ???. ??????: ???????, ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????.

    13. ???????????

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