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Anatomy I - Unit 3: Basic Biochemistry

Anatomy I - Unit 3: Basic Biochemistry. What is Biochemistry?. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments.

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Anatomy I - Unit 3: Basic Biochemistry

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  1. Anatomy I - Unit 3:Basic Biochemistry

  2. What is Biochemistry? • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. • Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. • Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments

  3. The most common elements found in living organisms include: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements in Living Organisms

  4. Periodic Table of the Elements (excerpt)

  5. Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on • Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive. • Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body. • Organic molecules: • usually associated with living things. • always contain CARBON. • are “large” molecules, with many atoms • always have covalent bonds (share electrons)

  6. Macromolecules of Cells • Macro = large • 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

  7. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Sugars and groups of sugars • Purposes: energy and structure • Includes three types: • Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) • Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) • Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy long storage & form structures)

  8. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide Examples: • Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc. • Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule. • Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects.

  9. Polysaccharides

  10. Polysaccharides

  11. Macromolecule #2: Lipids • Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types: • 1-triglycerides (fats & oils) • (long-term energy storage, insulation) • 2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane) • 3-steroids (cell signaling) • cholesterol molecules modified to form sex hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) • 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss) • Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans.

  12. Triglycerides

  13. Phospholipids

  14. Steroids

  15. Waxes

  16. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules. • Serve the most varied purposes, including:

  17. Collagen

  18. Antibodies

  19. Cellular Transport

  20. Motion actin & myosin fibers in muscles

  21. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids. • There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids. • Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.

  22. Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. • Each nucleotide contains • (a) phosphate molecule, • (b) nitrogenous base, and • (c) 5-carbon sugar • Several types of nucleic acids, including: • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material, double stranded helix • RNA: ribonucleic acid • Genetic material, single stranded • ATP: adenosine triphosphate • High energy compound

  23. DNA

  24. Nucleotide Structure

  25. THE BIG PICTURE • Chemistry is essential for life…

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