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I. Effect of the Mexican War

I. Effect of the Mexican War. “Conscience Whigs,” led by JQ Adams’ son Charles Francis Adams, called the war immoral. Whigs won control of Congress in 1846, called for no land, and criticized Manifest Destiny. Wilmot Proviso.

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I. Effect of the Mexican War

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  1. I. Effect of the Mexican War • “Conscience Whigs,” led by JQ Adams’ son Charles Francis Adams, called the war immoral. • Whigs won control of Congress in 1846, called for no land, and criticized Manifest Destiny

  2. Wilmot Proviso • Rep. David Wilmot (D – PA) proposed that slavery be banned in all territories gained from the war. • Measure passed House, died in Senate.

  3. Free Soil Movement • Supporters of the Wilmot Proviso formed free soil movement, then Free Soil Party. • Focus on slavery’s impact on small farmers won many supporters, including Frederick Douglass, but not William Lloyd Garrison

  4. review • Who called the Mexican War immoral? Who led them? • What did Whigs begin to criticize? • What did the Wilmot Proviso do? How successful was it? • What party did Wilmot Proviso supporters form? • Why did abolitionists disagree over the new party?

  5. II. Election of 1848 • Overworked, Polk didn’t run, soon died • Democrats – Lewis Cass – squatter/popular sovereignty; • Free Soil – Martin Van Buren (D), and Charles Francis Adams (W); got N. Democratic support

  6. The election • Whigs ran “Old Rough and Ready” Zachary Taylor, a free soil slaveowner. • Taylor got 47% of vote; won electoral college;

  7. 3rd party impact • Free Soil votes in New York cost Cass the state (Taylor won it) and the election – spoiler role • Antislavery voters cost Clay the election in 1844, Cass in 1848

  8. review • What became of Polk? • Who ran in 1848 for the Democrats? What was his issue? • Who ran for Free Soil? Who was the VP? • Who ran for Whigs? What was his slavery stand? • Who won, by how much, and why?

  9. III. 49ers • 1848 John Sutter’s workers discovered gold in Sierra Nevada. • 49ers – 80,000 mostly men poured into California looking for gold; San Francisco grew into major city.

  10. Life in gold rush • 49ers lived among saloons, gamblers, prostitutes. • Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Chinese mistreated, couldn’t dig in best areas; victims of nativist efforts.

  11. End of gold • Much crime and diarrhea (California disease), little gold for latecomers to a site. • Many left by mid 1850s; others fought for land; Indians exterminated and enslaved.

  12. review • Where was gold discovered, by whom? • How many 49ers? What kind of folks? • What city? • How did it end? Who were the winners and losers?

  13. IV. Compromise of 1850 • Quick settlement – Taylor advised California to apply for statehood, Congress to admit it as a free state. • Dying Calhoun: 2 presidents, slaves as property can’t be limited – ignoring precedents of NW Ordinance, Missouri Compromise

  14. Other proposals • 1. southerners - extend Missouri Compromise line • 2. Stephen Douglas – squatter/popular sovereignty • 3. abolitionists like William Seward – restrict and eventually end slavery due to a “higher law than the Constitution.”

  15. The compromise • President Millard Fillmore, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Stephen Douglas • 1. California free state • 2. Utah and New Mexico, popular sovereignty

  16. More compromise • 3. fugitive slave law • 4. D.C. – no slave trade • 5. New Mexico wins land from Texas • Secession threatened by “fire eaters”

  17. matching • Taylor ________ • Calhoun _________ • Moderate southerners _____ • Stephen Douglas ______ • Seward/Abolitionists ________ • Fillmore, Webster, Clay, Douglas ________ • Compromise of 1850 – 1st 2 provisions _______ • 3 add-ons to compromise _______ • Fire eaters _______ • A. Extend Missouri Compromise line • B. California free state, Utah New Mexico popular sovereignty • C. Fugitive slave law, no DC slave trade, land from Texas to New Mexico • D. California free state • E. “higher law than Constitution” • F. threatened secession • G. Compromise coalition • H. Slavery property rights • I. popular sovereignty

  18. I. Anger over Fugitive Slave Act • North got better end of the Compromise of 1850: no other area to extend slavery to. • Fugitive Slave Law resented in the north, aimed at Tubman and the Underground Railroad.

  19. Underground Railroad • Harriet Tubman had gone South to get slaves 19 times, rescued 300, including her parents. • South lost 1000 runaways per year, likely less runaways then self-purchase or voluntary emancipation.

  20. Radicalized north • One runaway was captured in Boston and taken through the streets in front of angry northerners. • Massachussetts outlawed enforcing the “man-stealing” law – nullified it.

  21. review • Who got the best of the Compromise of 1850? • Which part did the North resent? • Who was the Fugitive Slave Act aimed at? • Harriet Tubman: how many trips and how many slaves? • How many runaways per year? • What event was especially resented? • What did Massachussetts do?

  22. II. Other places for slavery • Southerners attempted takeovers of Nicaragua and Cuba, with disastrous and deadly results. • Pierce Administration’s Ostend Manifest0 - $120 million or invasion for Cuba – outraged free soilers.

  23. Gadsden Purchase • Gadsden Purchase spent $10 million on Mexican land for a railroad west. • Northern railroad line would have to go through unorganized territory, harassed by Indians.

  24. Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act • Sen. Stephen Douglas (D – Ill) pushed Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress; popular sovereignty in both territories. • He wanted railroad from Chicago, but law repealed Missouri Compromise and further radicalized north.

  25. review • What two countries did Southerners attempt to take over? • What did the Ostend Manifesto do? What stopped it? • What did the Gadsden Purchase do? Why would northerners care? • What law did Stephen Douglas push? Why? • Name 2 effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

  26. III. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. • Focused on splitting families, Fugitive Slave Act – Stowe said “God wrote it.”

  27. impact • Millions sold; most politically influential book in history. • Lincoln when meeting Stowe: “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.”

  28. More literary impact • Readers swore against Fugitive Slave Act; Europeans against intervention in a war. • Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis in the South argued that slavery hurt poor whites; burned in South and mass distributed in the north.

  29. review • Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? • What’s the book about? • What impact did it have? • What did Lincoln say? • Who wrote Impending Crisis in the South? • How did the sections of the country react to it?

  30. IV. violence • New England Emigrant Aid Company and proslavery Missourians sent people into Kansas to vote. • A fraudulant proslavery and illegal antislavery government was set up.

  31. Bleeding Kansas • 1856 proslavery forces burned part of free soil Lawrence, Kansas. • John Brown led Pottowatomie Creek Massacre; he and sons hacked to pieces proslavery families

  32. politics • President James Buchanan supported pro-slavery LeCompton Constitution; opposed by Stephen Douglas – no statehood. • Brooks (SC) beat Sumner (Mass) unconscious with a cane on the Senate floor, p. 414

  33. review • Who sent people to Kansas? • Why 2 governments? What was the problem with each? • Where did proslavery forces burn? • What did John Brown and sons do? • Why no statehood? What politicians were on each side? • Who caned whom?

  34. I. Things falling apart • 1856 Buchanan (D) defeated Fremont (R) and Fillmore (Know Nothing/American Party). • Concerns about Fremont’s character and fire eater secession undermined the Republicans.

  35. Dred Scott decision 2 days into Buchanan administration • Dred Scott, living with his master in Wisconsin and Illinois, sued for freedom. • Supreme Court: Scott can’t sue, not a citizen, but Chief Justice Taney not finished.

  36. Dred Scott importance • Slave is property which can be taken anywhere; laws limiting this are unconstitutional. • Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty is unconstitutional; opposed by Douglas and abolitionists.

  37. review • Why was Buchanan elected? • Who was Dred Scott? • Why did he lose? • Who was the Chief Justice? Where was he from? • Why was his case important? • Who criticized the decision?

  38. II. More troubles • Panic of 1857 hurt north, led to 2 demands: Tariff and Homestead Act. • 1858 Republican Lincoln (former Whig) challenged Douglas (D) for Illinois Senate: 7 Lincoln-Douglas debates.

  39. Freeport Doctrine • Lincoln: could states vote down slavery in light of Dred Scott? • Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine: anti-slavery state won’t pass the necessary slave laws; Douglas elected by Illinois state legislature.

  40. John Brown at Harper’s Ferry • October 1859: Brown and 20 took over arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Va (today WVa) but failed to stir uprising. • Brown hung, calm: a martyr in the north and terrorist in the south.

  41. review • What demands came from the Panic of 1857? • How many Lincoln-Douglas debates? • What did Lincoln claim Dred Scott meant? • What was Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine? • Who won, how? • Where was John Brown’s raid? What was his plan? • How did he die? Why was he more useful dead than alive?

  42. III. Election of 1860 • 1860 depression-prone Abraham Lincoln got Republican nomination over “higher law” Seward. • Others: Douglas – Northern Democrat, Breckinridge – Southern Democrat, Bell.

  43. Lincoln and Secession • Lincoln won with 40% of vote, all from North, 180 electoral votes. • South Carolina seceded first, followed by deep South: Fl, Ga, Al, MS, LA, TX

  44. Reactions to secession • 4 month lame duck Buchanan: secession is illegal, but he saw no means to stop it. • Crittendon (K) Compromise rejected by Lincoln: • Slavery protected • extend 36-30 line to California; apply to Latin America

  45. review • Who got the nomination for Republicans? • Who else ran? • How did Lincoln win? • What states seceded? • What was the Crittendon Compromise?

  46. IV. Civil War unavoidable • February 1865 Montgomery, Alabama new nation formed: Confederate States of America. • President Jefferson Davis (MS), Vice President Alexander Stephens (GA)

  47. Lincoln’s first great speech • March 1861 Lincoln’s First Inaugural: Union perpetual, “mystic cords of memory…better angels of our nature.” • South had to return to nation or face war (like Jackson, Buchanan)

  48. Fort Sumter • Lincoln resupplied Fort Sumter, SC with unarmed ship. • Confederates fired on fort, which surrendered two days later – first shots of war.

  49. Review - id • New Southern nation • Confederate President, VP • Perpetual union • “mystic cords of memory… better angels of our nature.” • First shots of Civil War • Why were they fired?

  50. I. More secession • After Fort Sumter Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops. • This caused more 4 more states to secede: Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia

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