Nephritic Syndrome : High-Yield Insights for FMGE | DIBS by Nextillo

1. NEXTILLO_ #DIBS BY NEXTILLO DAILY INFORMATION BULLETIN SERVICE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME NEXTILLO.COM

2. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO DAILY INFORMATION BULLETIN SERVICE INTRODUCTION Nephritic syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms resulting from glomerular injury that leads to inflammation of the kidneys. It is primarily characterized by the following clinical features Hematuria Proteinuria Oliguria Hypertension Edema NEXTILLO.COM

3. VISUAL REPRESENTATION NEXTILLO.COM

4. HOW DOES OMPHALOCELE DEVELOP? The hallmark of nephritic syndrome is the presence of blood in the urine, often seen as "cola-colored" urine due to the presence of red blood cells and red cell casts. Hematuria results from glomerular capillary wall damage, which allows red blood cells to pass into the urine. Proteinuria Mild to moderate proteinuria (less than 3 grams per day) is usually present. However, unlike nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria in nephritic syndrome is typically not in the nephrotic range (i.e., not more than 3.5 g/day). Oliguria Decreased urine output (oliguria) is common due to renal dysfunction caused by the glomerular injury, leading to a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Hematuria NEXTILLO.COM NEXTILLO.COM

5. HOW DOES OMPHALOCELE DEVELOP? The impaired kidney function in nephritic syndrome leads to fluid retention and increased vascular volume, resulting in elevated blood pressure. This is one of the prominent features of nephritic syndrome. Edema Edema is generally mild and often confined to the periorbital region or the lower limbs, and it is typically seen in more severe cases due to salt and water retention. Hypertension NEXTILLO.COM NEXTILLO.COM

6. HOW DOES OMPHALOCELE DEVELOP? Nephritic syndrome is caused by various conditions, most commonly immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, including: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: This typically follows an upper respiratory tract or skin infection (e.g., streptococcal infection). IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease): A common cause of nephritic syndrome, characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. Lupus nephritis: Kidney involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can cause nephritic syndrome. Vasculitis: Conditions like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) can result in nephritic syndrome due to inflammation of the blood vessels. CAUSES NEXTILLO.COM NEXTILLO.COM

7. HOW DOES OMPHALOCELE DEVELOP? Urinalysis: Shows hematuria, proteinuria and possibly red blood cell casts. Blood tests: Elevated creatinine, urea, and sometimes anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titers in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Complement levels may be low in conditions like lupus nephritis or post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Renal biopsy: May be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause of nephritic syndrome. INVESTIGATIONS NEXTILLO.COM NEXTILLO.COM

8. MANAGEMENT Supportive treatment: This includes controlling blood pressure, managing fluid balance (diuretics for edema), and addressing the underlying cause. Immunosuppressive therapy: In conditions like lupus nephritis, immunosuppressive drugs may be required to control the immune response. Antibiotics: In cases of post-infectious glomerulonephritis, antibiotics may be needed if the underlying infection is still present. NEXTILLO.COM

9. MCQ QUESTION Which of the following findings is most characteristic of nephritic syndrome on urine microscopy? a. Oval fat bodies b. Dysmorphic RBCs and RBC casts c. Waxy casts d. Broad casts Answer b. NEXTILLO.COM