The Nature of Human Relations

3. The Nature of Human Relations • What motivates employees to perform on the job is the focus of human relations, • The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings • Motivation • The inner drive that directs a person’s behavior toward goals • Morale • An employee’s attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues

4. The Motivation Process Did You Know? Absenteeism costs a typical large company more than $3 million a year

5. Employee Attitudes Toward Incentives

6. Historical Perspectiveson Employee Motivation • Classical Theory of Motivation • Money is the sole motivator for workers. • The Hawthorne Studies • Productivity increased regardless of the physical conditions in the workplace—such as light and noise levels.

7. Companies Giving Employees Incentives to Improve Productivity Source: Optimize Magazine Productivity 2004 study, in Marianne Kolbasuk McGee, “Behind the Numbers: Employee Productivity Pays Off for Everyone,” Information Week, February 9, 2004, p. 76.

8. Self-ActualizationNeeds Esteem Needs Social Needs Security Needs Physiological Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Source: adapted from Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychology Review 50 (1943): 370-396.

9. Hygiene Factors Company policies Supervision Working conditions Salary Security Motivational Factors Achievement Recognition The work itself Responsibility Advancement Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

10. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y • Theory X • Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs • Theory Y • Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

11. Theory Z • A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making

12. Comparison of American, Japanese, and Theory Z Management Styles

13. Variations on Theory Z • Quality circles • Participative management • Employee involvement • Self-directed work teams Did You Know? Theory Z lets employees feel organizational ownership, which may produce positive attitudinal and behavioral effects for employees.

14. Other Motivational Theories • Equity theory • Expectancy theory

15. Strategies for Motivating Employees • Behavior modification • Job design

16. Behavior Modification • Changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences to the behavior itself • Reward • Punishment

17. Job Design Strategies • Job Rotation • Exposes employees to a variety of tasks as they move from one job to another • Job Enlargement • Teaches employees new tasks in their present job • Job Enrichment • Gives employees more control and authority in their present job, along with additional tasks

18. Flexible Scheduling Strategies • Flextime • Compressed work week • Job sharing • Telecommuting Did You Know? 59% of companies with more than 5000 workers allow job-sharing. Source: Jim Owen, “In Pursuit of Job Sharing,” from http://usatoday.com/careers/features/feat009.htm (accessed June 8, 2001).

19. Flextime, Showing Core and Flexible Hours

20. The Importance of Motivational Strategies • Fosters employee loyalty • Boosts productivity • Affects all relationships within the organization • Influences promotion, pay, job design, training, and reporting relationships

21. 91% Being trusted to get a job done Having power to make decisions 81% Getting raises 74% Getting promotions 66% Gaining seniority 58% Having the power to make decisions that affect the company 58% Employee’s Definitions of Success Source: Survey of 2,000 adults by Randstad North America, Atlanta as reported ;in Kemba J. Dunham, “The Jungle/Focus on Recruitment, Pay and Getting Ahead,” Wall Street Journal, May 23, 2001, p. B12.

22. Solve the Dilemma • Which motivational theories are in use at Eagle? • What is the value of getting employees to compete against a goal instead of against one another? • Put yourself in the shoes of one of the four regional sales managers and argue against potential cutbacks to the motivational program.

23. Explore Your Career Options • What are some of the considerations that you will evaluate in deciding where to take your first job? • How would you go about assessing offers in Jackson, Mississippi versus Chicago, Illinois?

24. Additional Discussion Questions and Exercises • What is meant by the equity theory? How can the equity theory guide managers in dealing with subordinates? • In what areas are the typical American management style and the typical Japanese style different? • What is the main purpose of offering flexible scheduling strategies for employees? • What was the importance of Frederick W. Taylor’s and Elton Mayo’s studies to human relations?

25. Chapter 10 Quiz • Which of the following employee-motivation theories is most similar to Japanese management styles? a. Theory X b. Theory Y c. Theory Z d. Frederick Taylor’s theory • Which of the following is most likely to result in less than 40 hours of employment? a. compressed workweek b. telecommuting c. flextime d. job sharing

26. Chapter 10 Quiz • Which of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is first to be satisfied? • physiological needs • security needs • esteem needs • self-actualization needs • The inner drive that directs behavior toward goals is known as • motivation. • need. • objective. • morale.

27. Multiple Choice Questions about the Video • According to the survey by Salary.com the average worker slacks off about _____ hours per day. • 0.5 • 1 • 1.5 • 2 • Which of the following is NOT a reason given for slacking off? • To compensate for not being paid enough • Surfing for personal reasons • Running errands • Stress