ALKANI

1. ALKANI

4. Struktura metana

5. Orbitalni prikaz metana i etana

6. Figure Number: 02-00-002 Title: Simple Alkanes Caption: Names, Kekul� structures, condensed structures, and ball-and-stick structures of molecules of the first four straight-chain alkanes. Notes: Simple alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2. Figure Number: 02-00-002 Title: Simple Alkanes Caption: Names, Kekul� structures, condensed structures, and ball-and-stick structures of molecules of the first four straight-chain alkanes. Notes: Simple alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2.

12. III. Fizikalna svojstva topljivost: hidrofobni, slabo polarni slabe van der Waalsove veze gustoca: manja od 1 g/mL, povecava s velicinom alkana vreli�ta rastu s porastom broja C atoma povi�enje tali�ta ovisi o slaganju u kristalnoj re�etki izomer s ravnim lancem ima vi�e vreli�te od izomera s razgranatim lancem

13. C1-C4: plinovi (prirodni plin) C5-C6: petroleter C6-C7: ligroin (laki benzin) C5-C10: prirodni benzin C12-C81: petrolej (kerozin) C12 i vi�i: plinsko ulje (dizelsko) C20-C34: maziva ulja 

15. Vreli�ta alkana

16. Tali�ta alkana

17. IV. Konformacije alkanaKonformacije etana zvjezdasta konformacija posjeduje ni�u energiju diedarski kut = 60 o

20. Konformacije propana povecanje torzijske napetosti zbog vece metilne skupine

21. Konformacije butana najvi�a energija kada su metilne skupine zasjenjene stericke smetnje diedarski kut = 0 o

22. Konformacije butana najni�a je energija kada su metilne skupine anti diedarski kut = 180 o

23. Konformacije butana antiklinalna (zasjenjena) vi�e energije od iste zvjezdaste diedarski kut = 120 o

24. Konformacijska analiza

25. V. Priprava alkana Redukcije Hidrogenacija alkena Hidrogenacija alkina Redukcija alkil halogenida hidridima Redukcija alkil halogenida s Zn u kiseloj sredini Grignardova sinteza Reakcije sparivanja Wurtz-ova reakcija Corey-House-ova reakcija sparivanja

26. Redukcija Hidrogenacija alkena Hidrogenacija alkina

27. Redukcija Redukcija alkil halogenida hidridima Redukcija alkil halogenida s Zn u kiseloj sredini

28. Grignardova sinteza

29. Reakcije sparivanja Wurtz-ova reakcija

30. Reakcije sparivanja Corey-House sparivanje (Gilman-ov reagens)

31. VI. Reakcije alkana Sagorijevanje

32. Reaktivnost alkana tzv. parafini (spojevi koji posjeduju niski afinitet prema drugim spojevima) jer su vrlo nereaktivni halogeniranje je pri povi�enoj temperaturi i prisutnosti svjetla obicno nekontrolirano

34. Mehanizmi kloriranja i bromiranja alkana

37. Brzina kloriranja

39. Figure Number: 09-01a,b Title: Figure 9.1 Caption: Reaction coordinate diagrams for the abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogens by chlorine and bromine atoms. Notes: Since the chlorine abstractions are exothermic, their transition states resemble reactants, and their relative stabilities do not fully reflect the relative stabilities of the product alkyl radicals. The bromine abstractions are endothermic, so the bromine-abstraction transition states resemble product alkyl radicals. Thus, the relative stabilities of the bromine-abstraction transition states resemble the relative stabilities of the alkyl radical products. Thus, the activation energies (and relative speeds) of bromine-abstraction reactions more closely reflect alkyl radical stabilities than do the activation energies of chlorine-abstraction reactions.Figure Number: 09-01a,b Title: Figure 9.1 Caption: Reaction coordinate diagrams for the abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogens by chlorine and bromine atoms. Notes: Since the chlorine abstractions are exothermic, their transition states resemble reactants, and their relative stabilities do not fully reflect the relative stabilities of the product alkyl radicals. The bromine abstractions are endothermic, so the bromine-abstraction transition states resemble product alkyl radicals. Thus, the relative stabilities of the bromine-abstraction transition states resemble the relative stabilities of the alkyl radical products. Thus, the activation energies (and relative speeds) of bromine-abstraction reactions more closely reflect alkyl radical stabilities than do the activation energies of chlorine-abstraction reactions.

46. Stereokemija halogeniranja

48. Figure Number: 09-01-13 Title: Stereochemistry of Radical Substitution Reactions Caption: If a reactant does not have an asymmetric carbon, and a radical substitution reaction forms a product with an asymmetric carbon, a mixture of enantiomers is produced. Notes: In a radical substitution reaction, a radical intermediate is produced which can abstract atoms to form a new bond from either of two possible orientations, giving rise to either of two possible enantiomers.Figure Number: 09-01-13 Title: Stereochemistry of Radical Substitution Reactions Caption: If a reactant does not have an asymmetric carbon, and a radical substitution reaction forms a product with an asymmetric carbon, a mixture of enantiomers is produced. Notes: In a radical substitution reaction, a radical intermediate is produced which can abstract atoms to form a new bond from either of two possible orientations, giving rise to either of two possible enantiomers.

49. Figure Number: 09-01-03UN Title: Halogen Molecules Caption: Space-filling models of diatomic halogen molecules. Notes: As the halogen atoms grow in size, they form longer, weaker bonds with carbon atoms and other halogen atoms.Figure Number: 09-01-03UN Title: Halogen Molecules Caption: Space-filling models of diatomic halogen molecules. Notes: As the halogen atoms grow in size, they form longer, weaker bonds with carbon atoms and other halogen atoms.

51. MO alilnog radikala

53. Stabilizacija radikala