Chapter Seventeen

1. Chapter Seventeen Immunity and Infection

2. Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoan Parasitic worms Prions Major Pathogens Disease producing agent which could produce toxins

3. Chain of Infection

4. Identify Body Defenses

5. Identify Immune Response Against Pathogens

6. Inflammatory Response • When the body has been infected, one of the responses is the Inflammatory Response • Special cells release histamine which causes heat, swelling, and redness of that area • White blood cells attack the invader, attempting to destroy them

7. The Immune Response • The Immune Response consists of two functions • Natural (innate) • Acquired (adaptive) • The Immune Response consists of 4 phases • Recognition of the invader • Amplification of defenses • Attack • Slowdown

8. How Does One Achieve Immunity? • After an infection, lymphocytes created during the amplification phase of the immune response serve as memory T and B cells • They continue to circulate in the blood and lymphatic system for years or even longer • If the same antigen enters the body, the T and B recognize this and destroy it • The ability to have lymphocytes remember previous infections is known as acquired immunity

9. 5 Stages of an Infection • Incubation stage • Prodromal stage • Clinical stage • Decline stage • Recovery stage

10. Immunizations • Vaccinations are when the immune system is given an antigen which is not considered dangerous • The body produces antibodies, which prevent serious infection against that particular disease • Vaccines are made by either weakened pathogens or killed pathogens, which still illicit the production of antibodies (active immunity), or antibodies can be injected (passive immunity) to create temporary immunity

11. Allergies: The Body’s Defense Gone Haywire • 50 million Americans are affected by allergies • This is a result from a hypersensitive and overactive immune system • The immune system mounts an attack on a harmless substance • The results create the unpleasant and potentially serious symptoms of an allergy

12. Pollen Animal dander Dust mites and cockroaches Medication Types of metals Mold and mildew Foods Insect stings Plants Substances found in cosmetic products Allergens

13. The Allergic Response • Most allergic reactions are due to the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) • Mast cells release large amounts of histamines and other compounds into the surrounding tissue • Histamine has many effects, such as congestion, redness, swelling, etc. but the most serious kind of allergic reaction is anaphylaxis

14. Meningitis Tuberculosis Pneumonia Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Urinary Tract Infections Toxic Shock Syndrome and other staphylococcus infections Lyme disease and other Tickborne infections Ulcers Tetanus Pertussis Bacterial Infections Antibiotics interrupt the new production of bacteria by damaging them

15. Common Cold Measles Mumps Influenza Measles, Mumps, Rubella Chicken Pox, Cold sores, and herpesvirus infections Viral Encephalitis Viral Hepatitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Warts Viral Infections Treatment is the use of anti-viral medications

16. Fungal Infections • A fungus is a primitive plant • 50 of thousands of fungi cause disease among humans • Candida albicans is a common fungus found naturally in the vagina of most women, which causes infections • Other common forms are athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm • Fungal infections can be deadly in people with impaired immune systems

17. Protozoan Infections • Single-celled organisms, which alternate between activity and inactivity • Common infections include: • Malaria • Giardiasis • Trichomoniasis • Trypanosomiasis • Amoebic dysentery

18. Parasitic Worms • Considered the largest organism that can enter the body to cause infection • Worms, including the tapeworm and hookworm, can grow to a length of many feet, especially in the intestinal tract • Worm infections can originate from contaminated food or drink

19. Prions • Known as ‘proteinaiceous infectious particles’ • Prions lack DNA or RNA and consist of only protein • They spread by triggering normal proteins to change their structure to the abnormal, damaging form • Examples are: • Creutzfeldt-Jakob a.k.a. ‘Mad Cow’ • Scrapie

20. SARS E. coli Hantavirus Monkey Pox Ebola Avian flu Selected Infections of Concern

21. Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of Public Health Measures Environmental Changes Travel and Commerce Mass Food Production an Distribution Human Behavior Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections

22. Chapter Seventeen Immunity and Infection