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New Classification of Oral Diseases in HIV Patients: A Comprehensive Overview

This article discusses the development of a new classification system for oral diseases in HIV patients, including groups based on CD4 counts, associated conditions, and emerging diseases. It highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and healthcare access.

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New Classification of Oral Diseases in HIV Patients: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. New Classificationof Dental Diseases Cesar Augusto Migliorati DDS, MS, PhD

  2. New ClassificationJune 2004 Classification of oral diseases of HIV- associated immune suppression (ODHIS) Glick M, Abel SN, Flaitz CM, Migliorati CA, Patton LL, Phelan JA, Reznik DA (ODHIS Workshop Group-USA, Dental Alliance for AIDS/HIV CARE – DAAC)

  3. Classification of oral diseases of HIV – associated immune suppression (ODHIS) • Present classification systems for HIV – associated oral lesions developed in the early 1990’s • HAART • Changing pattern of oral conditions • New system needed

  4. Classification of oral diseases of HIV – associated immune suppression (ODHIS) • System should reflect: • Changes in epidemiology of oral lesions • Therapeutics • Development of lesions and immune systems • Oral lesions to oral disease • Oral disease: abnormality characterized by a defined set of signs and symptoms in the oral cavity, extending from the vermilion border of the lip to the oropharynx, with the exception of salivary gland disease

  5. New Classification • Group 1 – ODHIS associated with severe immune suppression (CD4<200 cells/mm3) • Group 2 – ODHIS associated with immune suppression (CD4<500 cells/mm3) • Group 3 – ODHIS assumed associated with immune suppression • A) More commonly observed • B) Rarely reported • Group 4 – Therapeutically-induced oral diseases • Group 5 – Emerging oral diseases

  6. Classification of oral disease of HIV- associated immune suppression (ODHIS) • Oral diseases do not belong exclusively to one classification Group • Overlap may exist

  7. Use for the New Classification • Identifying undiagnosed individuals • Provides additional rationale for HIV testing • Affects access and type of HIV-related healthcare • Provides clinical markers for therapeutic interventions and efficacy

  8. Group 1. ODHIS associated with severe immune suppression (CD4<200 cells/mm3) • Major recurrent aphthous ulcer • Neutropenia-induced ulcers • Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis • Necrotizing stomatitis • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • Chronic HSV • Histoplasmosis • Esophageal, pseudomembranous, and hypertrophic candidiasis • Oral hairy leukoplakia • Kaposi’s sarcoma

  9. Pseudomembranous Candidiasis

  10. Esophageal Candidiasis

  11. Hyperplastic Candidiasis

  12. Pseudomembranous Candidiasis / KS

  13. Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  14. Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  15. Histoplasmosis

  16. Periodontitis

  17. Idiopathic Necrotizing Stomatitis • Consider: • Bacterial • Viral • Fungal • Combination Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, 2001.

  18. Necrotizing Stomatitis

  19. Chronic HSV

  20. Group 2. ODHIS associated with immune suppression (CD4,500 cells/mm3) • Major recurrent aphthous ulcer • Increased frequency, harder to treat, atypical location • Erythematous candidiasis • Salivary gland disease • Drug induced low salivation • Facial palsy • Neuropathies • Hyposalivation • Human papilloma virus (HPV) • Linear gingival erythema • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

  21. Aphthous Ulcer

  22. Erythemathous Candidiasis

  23. Linear Gingival Erythema

  24. Lymphoepithelial Cyst

  25. Human Papilloma Virus

  26. Group 3. ODHIS assumed associated with immune suppression • More commonly observed • Angular candidiasis • Herpes labialis • Intra-oral herpes • Minor aphthous ulcers • Rarely reported • Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis • Tuberculosis • Deep-seated mycosis (except histoplasmosis) • Molluscum contagiosum • Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

  27. Angular Candidiasis

  28. HSV Labialis

  29. Intra-oral Herpes

  30. Minor Aphthous Ulcers Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, 2001.

  31. Coccidiomycosis

  32. Group 4. Therapeutically-induced oral diseases • Side-effect • Melanotic hyperpigmentation • Ulcers • Hyposalivation • Lichenoid drug reaction • Neutropenia-induced ulcers • Thrombocytopenia • Lypodystrophy-associated oral changes • Perioral paresthesia • Steven Johnson’s? • Exfoliative cheilitis? • Resistance-induced disease • Different Candida spp and strains • HSV

  33. Adverse reactions Oral ulcers Stevens Johnson’s Taste changes Dryness Perioral paresthesia Thrombocytopenia Drugs Indinavir Saquinavir Amprenavir Nevirapine Delavirdine Efavirenz Stavudine Didanosine Antiretrovirals and Adverse Reactions

  34. Ulcers – Medication Induced Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, 2001.

  35. Recurrent HSV

  36. Group 5. Emerging oral diseases • Human papilloma virus, several HPV types (may be associated with immune reconstitution) • Erythema migrans • Variants of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL B-cell types) • Epithelial neoplasms • Aggressive interproximal dental caries

  37. Condyloma Accuminatum HPV Genotypes 6 & 11

  38. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  39. Trends in Cancer and HIV - Between 1996-2002, KS and cervical cancer declined, not NHL - Among Chicago clinic patients lung (RR= 3.63), HD (RR= 77.43), anorectal (RR= 5.03), melanoma (RR= 4.10), head/neck (RR= 9.96) - Compared to general population, incidence has notably increased in HIV-infected individuals Patel, P. et al. Incidence of non-AIDS defining malignancies in the HIV Outpatient Study. 11th CROI, San Francisco, CA 2004. Abstract 81

  40. Aggressive Interproximal Caries

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