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I. Inner and Eastern Asia. 400 – 1200 C.E. The Sui and Tang Empires. 581 – 755 C.E. Sui Empire. Reunification Under The Sui. Sui Empire reunified China Established a government based on Confucianism, but heavily influenced by Buddhism
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I. Inner and Eastern Asia 400 – 1200 C.E.
The Sui and Tang Empires 581 – 755 C.E.
Reunification Under The Sui • Sui Empire reunified China • Established a government based on Confucianism, but heavily influenced by Buddhism • Sui’s rapid decline and fall may have been due to large amounts of resources spent on: • Construction • Canal and irrigation projects • Military
A. The Tang Empire 618 – 907 C.E.
1. Tang Empire - Introduction • Established in 618. • Carried out a program of territorial expansion • Avoided over-centralization • Combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions
2. Buddhism and the Tang Empire • Tang legitimized control by using Buddhist idea that kings are spiritual agents who bring subjects into Buddhist realm. • Buddhist monasteries were important allies of early Tang emperors. • Received tax exemptions, land, and gifts for cooperation.
3. Mahayana Buddhism • Most important school of Buddhism in Central and East Asia. • Beliefs were flexible • Encouraged adoption of local deities into Mahayana pantheon • Encouraged translation of Buddhist texts into local languages.
4. Spread of Buddhism • Spread through trade routes that converged on Chang’an. • Trade routes brought other peoples and cultural influences to Chang’an • This made it a cosmopolitan city.
5. Chang’an – Capital City • Destination of ambassadors from other states sent to China under the tributary system. • City had over 1,000,000 residents • Most lived outside city walls • Foreigners lived in special compounds • Residents in walled, gated quarters
6. Land and Sea • Roads and canals brought people and goods to city. • Islamic and Jewish merchants from Western Asia came to China via the Indian Ocean trade routes. • Chinese commercial ships carried goods and the Bubonic Plague.
7. Trade and Cultural Exchange • Exports • Polo • Grape wine • Tea • Spices • In trade, China lost monopoly on silk, but began to make its own cotton, tea, and sugar.
1. Uigur Empire • Built empire in Central Asia in mid-eighth century. • Known as merchants and scribes. • Developed own script. • Strong ties to Islam and China. • Lasted for about 50 years.
2. Tibetan Empire • Large empire with access to Southeast Asia, China, South and Central Asia,/ • Open to Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and Greek culture. • In early Tang, China and Tibet were friendly. • Tibetan king received a Chinese princess and Mahayana Buddhism brought to Tibet.
3. Discontent • Late 600s • friendly relations had given way to military rivalry in which Tibet allied with the southwestern kingdom of Nanchao against the Tang. • Ninth century • Tibetan king attempted to eliminate Buddhism, but failed. • Tibet enters a long period of monastic rule and isolation.
4. Upheavals • Late ninth century • Tang Empire broke power of Buddhist monasteries • Confucian ideology was reasserted • Reason for crackdown: • Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system and eroding the tax base
5. Women and Buddhism • Buddhism used to legitimize women’s participation in politics. • Wu Zhao took control of government and made herself emperor with the backing of Buddhism. • When Buddhism was suppressed, Confucian scholars were very critical of women with power. • Also destroyed many Buddhist cultural artifacts.
6. End of Tang Empire • As territory expanded and faced internal rebellions, Tang dynasty depended on powerful military governors to maintain peace. • 907 – Tang state ended and military governors established own kingdoms. • No kingdoms were able to integrate territory on the scale of the Tang. • East Asia was cut off from rest of world.
II. The Emergence of East Asia To 1200 C.E.
A. New States • After fall of Tang, new states emerge: • Liao • Jin • Chinese Song • Liao and Jin cut the Chinese off from Central Asia • Song strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
Liao State • Included nomads and settled agriculturalists. • Liao kings presented themselves as: • Confucian rulers • Buddhist monarchs • Nomadic leaders • Liao rulers were of the Kitan ethnic group.
B. Liao Empire • Lasted from 916-1121. • Liao had strong military. • Forced Song to give annual tribute of cash and silk in return for peace.
III. The Song Empire 960 To 1129 C.E.
A. The Song Empire • Song helped Jurchens of northeast Asia to defeat the Liao. • Jurchens established Jin Empire, turned on Song, and drove them out of north and central Asia in 1127. • Song reigned in South Asia as the Southern Song Empire (1127-1279).
1. Song Industries • Made a number of technological inventions. • Mathematics, astronomy, calendar making. • 1088 – Su Song constructed a mechanical clock that told time, day of month, and indicated movements of the moon, some stars, and planets.
2. Shipbuilding • Song introduced: • Sternpost rudder • Watertight bulkheads • Improved compass for seafaring • Made possible for building larger ships
I have no idea who this chick is. Sternpost Rudder
3. Military • Had standing professionally trained and paid military. • Iron and coal were important strategic resource for Song military. • Song produced large amounts of high-grade iron and steel for: • Weapons • Armor • Defensive works • Developed gunpowder weapons
4. Society in Song China • Dominated by civilian officials • Put higher value on civil pursuits than on military affairs • Song thinkers developed a Neo-Confucian philosophy. • Zen Buddhism continued to be popular.
5. Civil Service Examination System • Introduced in the Tang • Broke domination of the hereditary aristocracy by allowing men to be chosen for service based on merit. • Men from poor families were unlikely to devote time and resources to studying for the exam.
6. Moveable Type • Allowed Song government to mass-produce authorized preparation texts for examination-takers. • Printing also allowed for the spread of new agricultural technology. • Helped to increase agricultural production. • Spurred population growth.
7. Population Growth • During Song period, population rose to 100 million. • Population and economic growth fed the large, crowded, but well-managed cities like Hangzhou.
8. Money • Created Interregional Credit System called “flying money.” • Introduced government-issued paper money. • Caused inflation • Later withdrawn
9. Market Economy • Song not able to control it as previous governments did. • Tax collection was privatized • New merchant elite thrived in cities • Wealth was derived from trade, not land
10. Women in the Song Period • Entirely subordinated to men • Lost rights to own and manage property • Remarriage was forbidden • Bound feet became status symbol for elite women • Working class women and women from non-Han peoples did not bind feet and had more independence.
Chinese Influences • Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all rice-cultivating economies. • Labor needs fit well with Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, and discipline. • All adapted aspects of Chinese culture, but political ideologies remained different • Valued literacy in Chinese and read Chinese classics.
Korea • Hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism from China and passed them to Japan. • Several small Korean kingdoms were united first by • Silla in 668 • Koryo in early 900s • Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s • Later invented moveable type, which it passed to Song China.
Japanese Unification • Mountainous terrain was home to hundreds of small states that were unified in the fourth or fifth century. • Unified state established its government at Yamato on Honshu Island.
