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Theory of Flight

Theory of Flight. 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27. Main Teaching Points. Parts of an Airplane Aircraft Construction Landing Gear Standard Terminology. Definition. The airplane is defined as: A power-driven… Heavier-than air aircraft…

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Theory of Flight

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  1. Theory of Flight 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27

  2. Main Teaching Points • Parts of an Airplane • Aircraft Construction • Landing Gear • Standard Terminology

  3. Definition The airplane is defined as: • A power-driven… • Heavier-than air aircraft… • Deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions… • On surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

  4. Parts of an Airplane

  5. Parts of an Airplane

  6. Parts of an Airplane

  7. Parts of an Airplane

  8. Fuselage The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.

  9. Fuselage • The fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction: • -Truss Type • -Monocoque • -Semi-monocoque

  10. Fuselage – Truss Type

  11. Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque

  12. Empennage • The empennage is the rear portion of the airplane • It is integral to control and stability during flight

  13. Wing Construction • Spars • spanwise members • wood or metal • carry bending loads • Ribs • web or truss • give wing its cambered shape

  14. Wing Construction • Edges • Leading Edge • Trailing Edge • Strength & Shape • Wires • Internal / External • Bracing for strength • Covering • Metal or Fabric • Metal  strength

  15. Wing Layouts • High Wing • Mid Wing • Low Wing • Bi-Plane

  16. Wing Layouts • High Wing • Mid Wing • Low Wing • Bi-Plane

  17. Wing Layouts • High Wing • Mid Wing • Low Wing • Bi-Plane

  18. Wing Layouts • High Wing • Mid Wing • Low Wing • Bi-Plane

  19. Confirmation

  20. Landing Gear • Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel • Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel • Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag) • Fixed - Landing gearis not designed to retract

  21. Landing Gear

  22. Landing Gear

  23. Landing Gear

  24. Landing Gear

  25. Landing Gear Retractable Landing Gear • PROS • Reduced drag at cruise • Higher cruising speed • CONS • Added weight • Added mechanical complexity • Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based) • Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)

  26. Landing Gear Shock Absorption • Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway. • Spring steel Landing Gear • Air/Oil oleos • Rubber cords (bungee) or discs • Low pressure tires

  27. Landing Gear Main Landing Gear - Spring Steel Cantilever -

  28. Landing Gear Nose Landing Gear - Air / Oil Oleo -

  29. Landing Gear - Brakes Brakes • Provide a means of stopping the aircraft • Assist with steering on the ground

  30. Confirmation • How would you describe the aircraft to the left? • -tail dragger? • -tricycle gear? • -retractable gear? • -float plane? • -high wing? • -low wing? • -mid wing? • -biplane? • Request the use of the tools to label the aircraft.

  31. Wing Span • Wingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip

  32. Chord Chord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing • A measure of the width of a wing

  33. Wing Area Wing Area • Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing

  34. Planform Planform • Shape of the wing as seen from above

  35. Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratio • Ratio of the span to chord of the wing • A measure of how SLENDER the wing is

  36. Airfoil • A structure curved to produce lift

  37. Camber Camber • A measure of the curvature of an airfoil • Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces

  38. Angle of Incidence Angle of Incidence • Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis

  39. Relative Airflow Relative Airflow • Airflow over the wing • Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air

  40. Angle of Attack Angle of Attack • The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow • It is a measure of how much the wing ‘bites’ into the air

  41. Confirmation Confirmation Check

  42. Confirmation What kind of landing gear is this?

  43. Confirmation What is the angle of attack?

  44. Confirmation What are some of the differences between powered aircraft and gliders?

  45. Confirmation • Reading: From the Ground Up, pages 9-14 • The next Theory of Flight Class covers the basic flight controls (6.02) Questions?

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