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Doç.Dr.Hrisi Bahar

Introduction to Medical Parasitology History, Definitions Classification and Taxonomy of Human Parasites. Doç.Dr.Hrisi Bahar. Parasitology. Parasitology – science about parasitic animals and relationships with their hosts. Para + situ + logos = conversation about those living nearby us

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Doç.Dr.Hrisi Bahar

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  1. Introduction to Medical ParasitologyHistory, DefinitionsClassification and Taxonomy of Human Parasites Doç.Dr.Hrisi Bahar

  2. Parasitology • Parasitology – science about parasitic animals and relationships with their hosts. • Para + situ + logos= conversation about those living nearby us = parasitology.

  3. History The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from a period of Egyptian medicine from 3000 to 400 BC, particularly the Ebers papyrus of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.

  4. A.lumbricoideseggs have been found in human coprolites from Peru dating from 2277 BC. Larval nematodes,possibly hook worms, have been found in fecal samples dated to about 200 BC from the Colorado Plateau In 1910, Marc Armand Ruffer found S.haematobium eggs in two Egyptian mummies dating from the,1250 to 1000 BC

  5. A parasite, is an organism that lives on or inside another organism to the detriment of the host organism. The parasite grows, feeds, or uses shelter of the host organism (including the host itself) contributing negatively to the relationship.

  6. Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite).

  7. Types of parasitism Obligate parasites:All or most of their life cycle are parasitic. Temporary parasites:parasitic for limited period for either feeding or reproduction.

  8. Facultative parasites:organisms are not parasitic but can live parasitic for a limited period. Accidental parasites:normally free living organisms can survive within a host when they are accidentally taken.

  9. What is a Parasite Host? Thehost is theorganismthattheparasitelives in. *A definitive host * An intermediate host *A paratenic host *A reservoir host

  10. A definitive hostis an organism that the adult, or sexually reproductive stage of the parasite lives in. Ex: When a human has an adultbeef tapeworm in theintestineproducing eggs,he orshe is a “definitivehost”

  11. An intermediatehostis an organismthathosts an immatureparasiticstage, or a stagethatreproducesasexually Ex:Humanare“intermediatehosts”to malariaeparasiteswhichmultiply in humanliverandbloodcells.

  12. Reservoir hosts, with respect to human parasites, are hosts that are infected with a parasite and keep it alive even if the parasite is wiped out in humans. “Reservoir hosts can spread the parasite and reintroduce it to human populations”.

  13. ●A paratenic host is an organism that is infected with a parasite and can pass it on to another host, but in which the parasite does not develop further.

  14. SYMBIOSIS A biological relationship in which (usually) two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. *Symbiosis may exist between two or more individuals of the same species as well as between two or more individuals representing two different species

  15. The three principal varieties of symbiosis are *mutualism, *commensalism, *parasitism.

  16. MUTUALISM Mutualism is any relationship between two species of organisms that benefits both species COMMENSALISM A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the commensal,benefits without causing any detriment to the other organism which is the host. PARASITISM A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite,benefit at the expense of the other organism,which is the host.

  17. Other Parasitology Definitions *A cystis a stage of many protozoan parasites that survives well in the environment. Cysts of human parasites are infective to humans.*A trophozoiteis a moving, feeding, and multiplying stage of protozoan life cycles. There are not male and female trophozoites: they multiply asexually.

  18. OtherParasitologyDefinitions • Infective (=invasive) stageThe stage of the parasite that invades the host . • Vector:An Arthropod which is carrying and transferring parasites from one host to an other (Egg-larval stages-adult parasite-eggs)

  19. OtherParasitologyDefinitions • Reservoir=Non-human “host” where the parasite can live.This term is only applied when the parasite can infect humans . • Life Cycle= Stages of development of a parasite

  20. Essentialfeatures of theparasitism *Parasite is smaller then the host *Parasite has a shorter life span than it’s host *Parasite has a greater reproductive potential than it’s host

  21. Classification of parasites Zoological Classification Living organisms Without cell With celular construction construction (VIRUS) Procaryotic cell Eucaryotic cell (= monera) (=protista /single cell) RICKETSIA PROTOZOA BACTERIA (=metazoa) HELMİNTS ARTHROPODS

  22. Endoparasite:a parasitethatinhabitsthe internalorgansortissues of an animal orplant Ecological Classification Ectoparasite:anyparasitethatlives on theoutersurface of an animal.

  23. Differentlocation of parasitesintothehost body • Living in digestive system - coelozoic parasites (tapeworms) • Living in tissues– histozoic parasites (trichinelliosis) ●Living in blood– hemoparasites (Malaria etc.).

  24. Methods of invasionandescape INVASION - Via vectors - Oral • Penetration from the skin ESCAPE • Sputum • Via vectors • Faeces or urine

  25. Pathologic effects of parasites • Physicaltrauma (skin,mucosa) • Migration • Nutrition • Toxins • Immunosupression

  26. Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections: • 1.Clinical diagnosis • 2.Laboratory diagnosis

  27. Methods for study and clinical analysis • Parasitologicalanalysis: tissuesamples, excrements, surgicalmethods (biopsy)… ●Radiological (RontgenoscopyTomography...) • Serodiagnosis (Immunodiagnostics. ELISA test etc)

  28. Major Groups of Parasites • PROTOZOANS • -- Single-celledeukaryotes • – Malaria, Giardia, Trichomonasvaginalis • HELMINTS (TheWorms) • – Multicellularanimals • – Flukes, Tapeworms, Roundworms • ECTOPARASITES • – Multicellularanimals • – Liveoutsidethehost • – Ticks, Lice, Fleas

  29. Treatment of Parasitic Infections: • 1. Medical and surgical • 2. Chemotherapy • 3. Adequate nutrition

  30. Prevention and Control: • 1. Reduction in sources • 2. Education • 3. Destruction and/or control of reservoir hosts and vector

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