Chapter 15: The Building of European Supremacy; Society and Politics to World War I Pg#541-579

1. The Western Heritage Since 1300, 11th edition Chapter 15: The Building of European Supremacy; Society and Politics to World War I Pg#541-579

2. Why were so many European on the move in the late 19th Century? How did the 2nd Industrial Revolution transform European life? What explains the prominence of the middle class in late 19th Century Europe? What forces shaped the development of European cities? How did Jewish life in Europe change in the late 19th Century? What role did the socialist and labor movements play in late 19th Century politics? Key Topics

3. I. Population trends and migration II. The 2nd Industrial Revolution III. The middle classes in ascendency IV. Late-19th century urban life V. Varieties of late-19th century women's experiences VI. Jewish emancipation VII. Labor, Socialism, and politics to WWI VIII. In perspective Chapter Outlines

4. Vocabulary • anti-semistism (566) • Bolsheviks (573) • Mensheviks (573) • petite bourgeoisie (546) • pogroms (564) • Second Industrial Revolution (544) • Suffragettes (563)

5. I. Population Trends & migration I. Population Trends & Migration a. European population worldwide: 1. 1850-266 million 2. 1900-401 million 3. 1910-447 b. What increased mobility? 1. land/individual emancipation 2. railways 3. steamships 4. improved roads c. Increased opportunities? 1. cheap land 2. better/higher wages d. Where? 1. North America 2. Latin America 3. Australia (& New Zealand) 4. Europe e. Immigration from Europe? 1. 1846 to 1932-50 million + European left home

6. I. Population Trends & migration

7. 1856-1870 Passage of Laws permitting joint stock companies: 1856, Britain; 1863, France; 1870, Russia 1857 Bessemer process for making steel 1873 Start of major economic turndown 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone 1879 Edison perfects the electric light bulb 1881 First electric power plant in Britain 1885 Gottlieb Daimler invents the internal combustion engine 1889 Daimler’s first automobile 1895 Diesel engine invented 1890’s First major impact of petroleum (oil) 1903 Wright Brothers make first successful airplane flight 1909 Henry Ford manufactures the Model T Major Dates of the 2nd Industrial REvolution

8. 2nd Industrial Revolution II. 2nd Industrial Revolution a. Industrial expansion across Europe 1. parity between British and continental Europe industry 2. German industrial production increased and threatened to surpass British exports 3. German steel production was double that of Britain between 1893 and 1918 (end of WWI) b. New industries 1. expansion of railways around the world 2. chemical industry 3. petroleum industry 4. electrical (utilities) industry 5. steel production (Bessemer process) c. Steel industry 1. 1860-Britain, Belgium, France, Germany produced a combined 125,000 tons of steel 2. 1913-32 million tons steel production

9. 2nd Industrial Revolution d. Chemical industry 1. alkali process replaced Leblanc process which allowed for the recovery of chemical by-products 2. increased production of sulfuric acid & laundry soap 3. new dyestuffs & plastics developed 4. Germany leader in chemical industry e. Electrical (utilities) production 1. electricity versatile and transportable 2. 1881 1st major power plant (utility) built in Britain 3. power poles, lines, public(outdoor) lighting, electric streetcars were seen in Europe f. Internal combustion engine 1. 1885 German engineer Gottlieb Daimler improved on and developed modern internal combustion engine 2. 1889, engine mounted on chassis, wheels, steering wheel and automobile created

10. 2nd Industrial Revolution Automobile assembly line Henry Ford

11. 2nd Industrial Revolution g. Petroleum industry 1. automobiles, industry created market for petroleum (oil) h. By-products of oil: 1. Solvents Diesel fuel Motor Oil Bearing Grease Ink Floor Wax Ballpoint Pens Football Cleats Upholstery Sweaters Boats Insecticides Bicycle Tires Sports Car Bodies Nail Polish Fishing lures Dresses Tires Golf Bags Perfumes Cassettes Dishwasher parts Tool Boxes Shoe Polish Motorcycle Helmet Caulking Petroleum Jelly Transparent Tape soccer balls plastic water bottles 2. CD Player Faucet Washers Antiseptics Clothesline Curtains Food Preservatives Basketballs Soap Vitamin Capsules Antihistamines Purses Shoes Dashboards Cortisone Deodorant Footballs Putty Dyes Panty Hose Refrigerant Percolators Life Jackets Rubbing Alcohol Linings Skis TV Cabinets Shag Rugs Electrician's Tape Tool Racks Car Battery Cases 3. Epoxy Paint Mops Slacks Insect Repellent Oil Filters Umbrellas Yarn Fertilizers Hair Coloring Roofing Toilet Seats Fishing Rods Lipstick Denture Adhesive Linoleum Ice Cube Trays Synthetic Rubber Speakers Plastic Wood Electric Blankets Glycerin Tennis Rackets Rubber Cement Fishing Boots Dice Nylon Rope Candles Trash Bags House Paint 4. Water Pipes Hand Lotion Roller Skates Surf Boards Shampoo Wheels Paint Rollers Shower Curtains Guitar Strings Luggage Aspirin Safety Glasses Antifreeze Football Helmets Awnings Eyeglasses Clothes Toothbrushes Ice Chests Footballs Vaporizers Balloons Sun Glasses Tents Heart Valves Crayons Parachutes Telephones Enamel Pillows

12. The Middle Classes in Ascendancy

13. The Middle Class • The Upper Middle Class • ex) factory owners, large scale businessmen • Bankers, doctors, lawyers, engineers, clergymen • The Lower Middle Class • ex) shopkeepers, merchants, civil servants

14. The Advent of Professional Sports The first English FA (Football Association) final: (1871-1872). The Wanderers would win the first cup, March 16, 1872. The Wanderers would win the first two FA cups.

15. European Emigration to other parts of the world

16. European Emigration to other parts of the world

17. European Emigration to other parts of the world

18. European Emigration to other parts of the world

19. European Emigration to other parts of the world

20. European Emigration to other parts of the world

21. European Emigration to other parts of the world

23. II. Women’s “Social Disabilities” (Challenges) a. property rights, family law, education 1. up until late 19th century, married women could not own property. 2. if widowed, upon marriage, property went to husband 3. no legal standing before the law b. 1882, Great Britain, Married Women’s Act c. 1895 France, women gained access to private property d. French women did not gain control of own salaries(wages) until 1907 e. women had to ”give obedience” to their husbands f. Napoleonic Code made women “minors” in parts of Europe g. divorce limited h. in divorce, men gained custody i. men could allow daughters to marry Varieties of late-19th Century Women’s Experiences

24. III. Women of the Middle Class a. Cult of Domesticity 1. once married, middle class women’s role was to be confined to home and motherhood 2. women did partake in men’s business’ ventures, while raising children, etc. double-duty. 3. fashionable to become involved in charities b. Rise of Political Feminism 1. women’s rights- a. Mary Wollstonecraft (Britain) b. John Stuart Mill/Harriet Taylor (Britain) c. Emmeline Pankurst (Britain)(suffragettes) d. Hubertine Auclert (France) c. Suffragettes (right to vote for women) 1. National Union (Britain) 2. National Council of French Women 3. Union of German Women’s Organizations 4. German Social Democratic Party Varieties of late-19th Century Women’s Experiences

25. Jewish Emancipation I. Emancipation of the Jew in Europe 1. 1782, Joseph II, Habsburg Emperor, issued decree which placed Jews under same laws as Christians 2. 1798, French National Assembly recognized Jews as French citizens 3. during Napoleonic wars, Jews in Italian and Germany allowed to openly mix in Christian communities 4. Polish Jews(under Russian control), subjugated through WWI a. Jews limited where they could live, publish books, pamphlets b. needed internal passports within Poland(Russia) c. Jews limited in certain occupations (higher education) d. pogroms conducted against Jews (organized riots condoned by the state)

26. Jewish Emancipation II. Broadened Opportunities 1. Revolutions of 1848 created opportunities for Jews in western Europe a. Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, Low Countries-Jews gained full citizenship 2. 1858, Jews could sit in British Parliament 3. 1867, Jews given full rights in Austria-Hungary 4. Jews able to enter professional ranks(doctors, lawyers, educators) 5. Christians & Jews openly intermingled in western Europe 6. Many Jews migrated to USA as well during this period

27. Labor, Socialism & Politics to WWI I. Trade Unions 1. 1871, trade unions legal in Britain a. allowed to picket by 1875 2. 1884 trade unions legal in France 3. 1890 trade unions legal in Germany II. Union Focus 1. unions focused efforts on skilled labor a. improvement in wages, working conditions b. long, drawn-out strikes common before employers would meet employee/union demands 2. Union Membership increases a. 1910 3 million Britain b. 2 million Germany c. 977,000 France

28. Labor, Socialism & Politics to WWI III. Democracy & Political Parties 1. Electoral systems created/modified in western Europe a. 1867, 1884 voting reform act, Britain 2. Universal male suffrage: a. 1871 Germany b. 1879 Switzerland c. 1890 Spain d. 1893 Belgium e. 1896 Netherlands f. 1989 Norway g. 1912 Italy 3. Politicians could no longer ignore worker demands & workers could voice concerns & advocate demands for change 4. Largest voting blocks became working men/unions

29. Karl Marx & the 1st International IV. Socialism & Communism 1. 1864 International Working Men’s Association a. members included socialists, communists, anarchists, nationalists b. meeting known as the 1st International 2. 1873 last International meeting due to French govt. pressure 3. results included closer communication between unions, socialist leadership 4. Marxism emerged as single most important strand of socialism a. violent in nature, promoted revolution

30. Communist Manifesto:Marx and Engels 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.  2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.  3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.  4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 

32. Communist Manifesto:continue- 5. Centralization of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly.  6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in he hands of the state.  7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.  8. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. 

33. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTEXT…

34. Communist Manifesto:continue- 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.  10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc. 

35. the entrenchment of soc. ideals had created a sense of crisis in Europe – it was more pronounced in the repressive conditions of E. Europe • Russia in 1905 saw the beginning of profound change as revolution began to grip the country (during the time of Czar Nicholas II, 1894-1917) • Russia was in the midst of an identity crisis: czarist repression + industrialization (much of which was financed by foreign capital; it created the Russian working class and the demand for rev. change)

36. as events in Russia deteriorated (eco. slump, defeat in the 1904-5 Russo-Japanese War), a real rev. unfolded • the spark was Bloody Sunday, when the czar’s troops opened fire on peaceful demonstrators - this led to crises across Russia, leading Nicholas II to create the Duma in an effort to reach a settlement • the Duma’s powers were limited and the radicals and conservatives were at odds over the pace and direction of reform: Nicholas continued as an autocrat

37. COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY • Marxism itself was never practically applied on a national scale , but various examples of communes can be found in history  • nationally, so called Marxist ideology takes on a whole new character • first applied in 1917 in Russia after the successful Bolshevik Revolution (then USSR) • most prominent leader = VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN – first to apply Marxist ideology to a nat’l gov’t

38. LENINISM – significant differences from doctrinaire Marxism  • (1). Lenin argued for the existence of a VANGUARD - an elite group of strong leaders (“professional revolutionaries”) • decidedly non-Marxist idea; Lenin does not agree w/ “Rev. from Below” • Lenin thought a Marxist Revolution in Russia required special organization, that Marx’s idea of a mass proletarian party was doomedb/c not enough people had developed appropriate class consciousnessamong the Russian working classes • Lenin is therefore impatient & wants to lead the disorganized masses; • Marx waited for history, Lenin made it • Lenin is therefore the 1stMARXIST REVISIONIST

39. The principal Marxist Party, the Social Democratic Party, had been exiled to Switz. – they were caught in the revisionist debate along w/ other Euro. Socialists • Vladimir Lenin authored What Is to Be Done?, defending the Marxist concept of rev. and advancing the ideal of a vanguard • the majority agreed w/ him = Bolsheviks (while the minority were called the Mensheviks)

40. TROTSKYISM – Leon Trotsky • was Lenin’s ideological colleague, his likely successor & co-leader of the revolution, founder of Red Army • his main ideological contribution : WORLD/PERMANENT REV.  belief that socialism couldn’t survive if surrounded by class enemies on all borders, he therefore wants to export revolution • disappointment of WW1: Socialism v. Nationalism • for him, WW1 was a capitalist war and proletarian brothers lost their chance to unite • Trotsky’s fate: Lenin’s death in 1924 led to a power struggle w/ Stalin • (exile, Mexico City death in 1940)

41. STALINISM – Josef Stalin (Man of Steel) • an opponent of Trotsky, ideologically opposite to Marx • “Socialism in One Country” • wants to modernize & industrialize the USSR & to lead by example, not to export revolution • to achieve this, firm state control is required (REV. FROM ABOVE) • 5 yr. Plans, Kulaks, Collectivization, Socialist Realism, Great Purges, Vozhd