Cotton is King!

1. Cotton is King!

2. The Cotton Gin • The invention of cotton gin in 1793 made short-staple cotton profitable. • Thereafter, cotton and slavery began to expand - from the Atlantic Coast to Texas.

3. Cotton Production in the South, 1820–1860 • Cotton production expanded westward between 1820 and 1860 into Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and western Tennessee.

4. Cotton Production • In 1800, the U.S. produced 73,000 bales of cotton. • By 1820, cotton accounted for 39% of all American exports. • By 1840, cotton accounted for 52% of U.S. exports. • By 1860, cotton accounted for 58% of all American exports and 75% of the world’s entire supply of cotton.

5. Cotton Production • Southern planters sold the cotton and used the income to purchase supplies from the West and goods and services from the North. • Northern shippers reaped a large part of the profits from the cotton trade; they would load bales of cotton at southern ports, transport them to England, sell their cargo for pounds, or turn the cotton into cloth, sell and buy needed manufactured goods for sale in the United States. The prosperity of both North and South rested on the backs of southern slaves

6. Slavery provided the labor for this American market economy; thus, slavery was a NATIONAL institution that spread its influence throughout the entire nation! Problem – forces a one-crop economy, no one can afford for slavery to end!

7. Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports, 1800–1860 After 1800, cotton rapidly emerged as the country’s most important export crop and quickly became the key to American prosperity.

8. Because slave labor produced the cotton, increasing exports strengthened the slave system itself.

9. Slave Population, 1820–1860 Slavery spread southwestward from the upper South and the eastern seaboard following the spread of cotton cultivation.

10. In 1820, cotton production and slavery was concentrated in the upper south. • By 1860, cotton production and slavery had spread to the lower south. • From the 1840s forward, cotton production made the southern economy stronger and wealthier than the northern economy.

11. As slavery grew in the South, so did what many Northerners called “The Slave Power. • The planter aristocracy - a very small percent of southern society - controlled the social, political, and economic power of the south. • From the first presidential election to the election of Lincoln, Southerners controlled the national government most of the time. • The South held disproportionate political power under the Constitution. • From 1800-1860 when the Democrats were the predominate political party - the party of states rights - they used their power to pass federal laws designed to strength slavery as a national institution.

12. The planter aristocracy - a small percent of southern society - controlled the social, political, and economic power of the south • In 1860, 25% of all Southerners owned slaves. • Of that 25% • 52% owned 1-5 slaves • 35% owned 6-9 slaves • 11% owned 20-99 slaves • 1 % owned 100 or more slaves • Those who owned 20 or more slaves - about 3% of the entire white population - controlled the social, political, and economic power of the South.

13. From the first presidential election to the election of Lincoln, Southerners controlled the national government most of the time • 49 of 72 years were controlled by Southern slave-owning Democrats. • The only presidents who were reelected were slave-owning Democrats. • For the entire 72 years, the majority of Supreme Court justices were Southerners and most were slave owners.

14. The South held disproportionate political power under the Constitution • In the Senate - while the North had 60% of the total population and 70% of the entire nation’s voters - they only sent 50% of the Senators to Congress as there was an equal number of slave and free states.

15. From 1800-1860, the Democrats used their political power to pass federal laws designed to strength slavery as a national institution • In 1835, after Congress failed to pass a law prohibiting the Post Office from sending “incendiary publications” through the mails, Jackson and those who followed tacitly allowed such suppression. • In 1836, Congress banned debating slavery issues in the house. (Was not lifted until 1845.) • In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

16. In addition, the white southern slave owners had a huge hold over the white, non-slave owning population. How, then, were they able to convince the vast majority of white southerners to fight for a system - slavery and the power of slaveholding aristocrats - in which they had no stake? White Supremacy!

17. In summary, the expansion of cotton - encouraged by the new technology of the cotton gin - stimulated the growth of slavery. This economic reality, in turn, was made possible by the “Slave Power.” • This woodcut of a black father being sold away from his family appeared in The Child’s Anti-Slavery Book in 1860.

18. The Slave Power and white supremacy were further reinforced by the pro-slavery rationale of John C. Calhoun • Slavery was “a good - a positive good” that was both profitable as well as politically and socially sound. • “There never has yet existed in a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not…live on the labor of the other…I fearlessly assert that the existing relations between the two races in the South forms the most solid and durable foundation upon which to rear free and stable political institutions.”

19. Calhoun’s argument continued that in a free labor system, labor is a commodity whose price is determined by the laws of the market. • In such a system, slavery was necessary because it produced a master class that greatly differed from the ruling class of capitalist industrial society. This woodcut of a black father being sold away from his family appeared in The Child’s Anti-Slavery Book in 1860.

20. On the one hand, Calhoun argued, slave owners treated their slaves with paternalistic care by assuming life-long responsibility. On the other hand, capitalists hired classes of manual laborers who were treated as wage slaves. Slavery was a blessing to an inferior race. It was the cornerstone of democracy as it avoided bitter class divisions of the north while ensuring the freedom of all white men.