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SOUTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA. POLITICAL MAP. REGIONS OF THE REALM. Caribbean North Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana. Brazil. Andean West Peru Ecuador Bolivia. Southern Cone Argentina Chile Uruguay Paraguay. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES. Physiography

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SOUTH AMERICA

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  1. SOUTH AMERICA

  2. POLITICAL MAP

  3. REGIONS OF THE REALM • Caribbean North • Colombia • Venezuela • Guyana • Suriname • French Guiana Brazil • Andean West • Peru • Ecuador • Bolivia • Southern Cone • Argentina • Chile • Uruguay • Paraguay

  4. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • Physiography • Dominated by the Andes mountains and the amazon basin. • Population • Concentrated along the periphery. • Cultural pluralism • Exists in most countries and is expressed regionally. • Regional economic interaction • Has been minimal in the past. • Acute Financial Problems • External debts and default

  5. PLATE TECTONICS

  6. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

  7. PRECIPITATION

  8. THE INCA EMPIRE • Culture hearth- • Basin around Cuzco (1200-1535 a.D.) • Altiplanos were key to settlement patterns. • 20 million subjects at its zenith • Transportation networks and integration efforts were most impressive. • A highly centralized state

  9. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & COLONIAL DOMAINS

  10. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

  11. CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation • Resembles Middle America’s Rimland • Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. • Initially relied on African slave labor

  12. CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial • The most “Latin” part of South America • Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands • Economically most advanced • Transportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

  13. CULTURE SPHERES Amerind-subsistence • Correlates with the former Inca Empire • Feudal socioeconomic structure persists • Includes some of South America’s poorest areas • Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

  14. CULTURE SPHERES Mestizo-transitional • Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region • A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally • Transitional -- economic connotations

  15. CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated • Characteristics are difficult to classify. • Sparsely populated • Isolation and lack of change- notable features • Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

  16. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional(mixed) Undifferentiated

  17. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION • MERCOSUR • LAUNCHED IN 1995 • A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET • INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY • ANDEAN GROUP • INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) • RESTARTED IN 1995 • MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

  18. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED) • GROUP OF THREE (G-3) • FORMED IN 1995 • INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA • A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005 • NAFTA • LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1995 • AIMS TO INCLUDE CHILE

  19. BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION • A hollow continent - why? • Physiographic barriers • Non-complementary economies • Lack of developed infrastructure • Individual countries oriented towards Europe and the us – not towards each other

  20. URBANIZATION • The movement to and clustering of people in towns and cities • The percentage of a country’s population living in cities • 78% - continent-wide in south america • South america’s increase based on rate of “natural increase” andinternal migration • The “latin american city” model

  21. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Disamenity Disamenity Zone of Maturity CBD Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements

  22. GLOBAL URBANIZATION Urban Population as a Percentage of Total Population in Different Areas of the World, 1950-2000

  23. BRAZIL • South America’s Giant • World rankings • Population size - 5th • Territory - 5th • Economy - 8th • Industrial base - 8th

  24. BRAZIL • CONTAINS HALF THE CONTINENT’S LAND AND PEOPLE • A FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 26 STATES • ETHNIC DIVERSITY - MIXTURE OF EUROPEAN, AFRICAN, AND AMERINDIAN PEOPLES • PORTUGUESE - SPEAKING & ROMAN CATHOLIC ADHERENTS • SUBSTANTIAL MINERAL RESOURCES: IRON, ALUMINUM ORE, MANGANESE, OIL, AND GAS

  25. A Two Class System? • GNP per capita-$4,630 • Largest income gap in the realm • Wealthiest 10% of the population... • own 2/3 of the land • control over 50% of the country’s wealth • Poverty has increased by 50% since 1980

  26. BRAZIL(CONTINUED) • GREAT CITIES • RIO DE JANEIRO - CULTURAL FOCUS • SAO PAULO - INDUSTRIAL HUB • BRASILIA - A “FORWARD CAPITAL” • DEVELOPING THE AMAZON • “GROWTH POLE” CONCEPT • ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

  27. FORWARD CAPITAL - BRASILIA • Is the capital city positioned in a contested or potentially contested territory? • Is it near an international border? • Does it confirm the state’s intent to maintain its presence in the territory under contention?

  28. GROWTH POLE THEORY • AIMS TO PROMOTE GROWTH IN THE HINTERLANDS • AUGMENTED BY INVESTMENT SUPPORT IN AN ATTEMPT TO SPREAD ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND BENEFITS • CREATE JOBS IN DEPRESSED AREAS • REDUCE UNEVEN CONCENTRATIONS OF WEALTH • DECENTRALIZE INDUSTRY • SETS OFF “RIPPLES” OF DEVELOPMENT

  29. All Others Sao Paulo 57% 3% Sao Paulo All Others 43% 97% GDP TOTAL LAND AREA Sao Paulo Sao Paulo 55% All Others 24% 76% All Others 45% POPULATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT

  30. THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

  31. THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA) • VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA • REGIONAL CHARACTER: • COASTAL LOCATIONS • EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT • FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS

  32. VENEZUELA • - 25.2 MILLION PEOPLE • OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO IS CHIEF RESOURCE • CARACAS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

  33. CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • COLOMBIA - 41.6 MILLION PEOPLE • COFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS • COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY • TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE • BOGOTA & MEDELLIN - KEY CITIES

  34. CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) - POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION • ETHNICALLY DIVERSE • POVERTY STRICKEN • FACE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

  35. THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

  36. THE WEST(ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA) • PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA • REGIONAL CHARACTER: AMERINDIAN POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY • PERU - 28.3 MILLION PEOPLE • LIMA IS ITS PRIMATE CITY • ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALS (AN EMERGING ECONOMY!)

  37. ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • ECUADOR- 13.1 MILLION PEOPLE • MAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, BANANAS • GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND COMMERCIAL CENTER • QUITO - CAPITAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER • BOLIVIA- 8.6 MILLION PEOPLE (DISPERSED) • LANDLOCKED • MAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINC

  38. THE SOUTH (SOUTHERN CONE)

  39. THE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA) • THE SOUTHERN CONE: • ARGENTINA, • CHILE, • PARAGUAY, • URUGUAY • HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE

  40. THE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA) • ARGENTINA • 37.8 MILLION PEOPLE • 90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL • BUENOS AIRES (12.9 MILLION) - A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY • EXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

  41. THE SOUTH:MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • URUGUAY - 3.3 MILLION PEOPLE • MONTEVIDEO - CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY • MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES • EXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES • PARAGUAY - 5.8 MILLION • 95% MESTIZO • LANDLOCKED LOCATION • CHILE- AN “ELONGATED STATE” • EXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATES

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