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I. The Neofreudians

I. The Neofreudians. Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality. Freud fought vehemently with anyone who challenged his views.

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I. The Neofreudians

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  1. I. The Neofreudians • Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality. • Freud fought vehemently with anyone who challenged his views. • Several members of the group, left to form their own views of personality (schools, associations).

  2. Neofreudian criticisms of Freud’s theory: • 1. Rejected idea that adult personality is completely formed by 5- or 6-years old. • 2. Argued that Freud’s focused too much on biological instincts (ignored social factors.) • 3. Rejected overall negative tone of theory.

  3. III. Carl Jung (1875-1961) • Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant • Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child who kept to himself. • Pondered the nature of dreams & visions he experienced. • Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 & went on to study schizophrenia, consciousness, & hypnosis. • He became interested in Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams.

  4. Jung • Jung & Freud met in 1907 & became close colleagues. • Jung formally left Freud’s group in 1913. • Jung spent the next 7 years in intense introspection—led to his theory of personality.

  5. A. The Collective Unconscious • There are common themes & experiences that all people in all cultures experience. • Religion: Monotheism • Christianity– God • Islam-Allah • Buddism--Budda

  6. Mythology: Common themes across cultures (ancient, recent) • Hero & heroine • Dastardly villain • Naïve youth & wise old-age

  7. Why do common themes appear across all cultures? • Jung argued we have a collective unconscious. • That is, we have unconscious thoughts & images that are innate, the same for all people, & passed on through genetics.

  8. The collective unconscious is made up of primordial images. • These images called archetypes, are the universal symbolic images of a particular person, object, or experience. • E.g., the archetype of mother is in the child’s collective unconscious.

  9. Types of archetypes: • 1. Anima – is the feminine side of a male (is repressed). • 2. Animus – is the masculine side of a female (is repressed). • A principle function of this archetype is to guide us in mate selection. Why???

  10. Jung argued that we project our anima or animus onto potential partners. A man will fall for a woman who corresponds to his own unconscious image of femininity. The more someone matches our projected standards, the more we want to develop a relationship with that person.

  11. 3. Shadow – Our dark side • This is the unconscious part of ourselves that is negative. • The shadow is located both in the personal unconscious (repressed) & collective unconscious (as evil). • Jung argued you couldn’t have good without evil. This concept is found throughout every culture. • We need to accept the shadow, so that we don’t project negativity onto members of the same sex.

  12. Other common archetypes • Mother/Father Shining young knight Sun/Moon God/Devil Mandala (order—symbolized by square in a circle).

  13. B. Psychological Types • Three dimensions: • 1. introversion versus extraversion • 2. thinking versus feeling • 3. sensations versus intuition

  14. Type identification: • 1. First, determine if person is an introvert or extravert? This is the fundamental attitude of the individual. • 2. Second, assess which of 4 functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, or intuition) the person prefers (the dominant function). • These fundamental attitude is combined with the 4 functions if 8 possible ways.

  15. What determines if a person is an extravert or introvert??? • Jung argued heredity determines whether the libido is direct “inward” or “outward.” • Jung believed this part of a person’s personality would remain stable throughout his/her life. • Current research supports this hypothesis. However, the concept of extraversion has been criticized.

  16. The Four Functions • These describe the fundamental cognitive processes that we use to make & solve problems. • Do we emphasize logical thinking or emotional feeling? • How do we gather information on which to base those decisions?

  17. Thinking and Feeling • Thinking & feeling are alternative ways of making value decisions or judgments. “Thinking” vs. “Feeling” Jung rejected the assumption that rational thought is superior to emotion. He argued that a healthy adult has a balance between thinking & emotion.

  18. Sensation and intuition • These are complimentary ways of getting information about the world. • Sensation types – focuses on details & information that comes from the senses. These folks have difficulty seeing “big picture.” • Intuition types – have difficulty with details, see big picture (high among artistic & creative folks)

  19. Measuring Jung’s types: • The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives scores for Introversion-extraversion & 4 paired functions (thinking-feeling & sensation-intuition). • It determines which of the 4 functions is dominant. • It does this by examining whether the external world is approached by a judging function (thinking or feeling, whichever is higher) or a perceiving function (sensation or intuition, whichever is higher).

  20. Validity of MBTI • Research using the MBTI confirms that it is a reliable & valid measure that correlates with other psychological tests as one would expect (Campbell & Heller, 1987). • Certain scales have been questioned such as the extraversion scale (does it simply measure sociability, rather than generally turning energy outward).

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