Swine and The Swine Industry

1. Swine and The Swine Industry

2. Origin and Domestication of Swine • Today’s swine originated from: • European Wild Boar – still exist in Europe • Black and gray or brown • East Indian Pig (several types) • These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

3. Swine Breeds • Maternal breeds– typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production. • Paternal (sire) breeds – typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling, growth rate. • Corporate swine breeding companies • ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC). • sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock • hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines” • sire/terminal or maternal lines

4. Yorkshire • maternal breed – 1st in USA • England (Large White) • white, erect ears • excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

5. Chester White • maternal breed – 7th in USA • Pennsylvania • white, small drooping ears • excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

6. Landrace • maternal breed 4th in USA • Denmark • white, large drooping ears excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

7. Duroc • paternal breed – 2nd in USA • New York/New Jersey • solid red color • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

8. Hampshire • paternal sire – 3rd in USA • Boone County, KY • black, white belt • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

9. Spots (Spotted) • paternal sire – 5th in USA • Putnam County, IN • black and white spots • drooping ears • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

10. Poland China • Dual purpose – 8th in USA • Warren County, OH • black, white on legs, snout and tail • drooping ears • excels in: • growth • litter size

11. Berkshire • Paternal sire – 6th in USA • England • black, white on legs, snout and tail • erect ears • excels in: • growth • litter size

12. Swine Breeds • Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US • Used in some purebreed crossing systems • Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production • Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids • e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows • Hampshire x Duroc boars

13. Premier Swine Breeding Company MATERNAL LINES TERMINAL LINES

14. Grading Pork Carcasses • No standard Quality grades • Must have “acceptable” quality to meet standard Grading System • USDA # 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility • Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and picnic shoulder • 1 > 53% • 2 50 – 52.9 • 3 47- 49.9 • 4 < 47 • Based upon back-fat and muscling score

15. Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product • Standards set by National Pork Producers Council • Market weight = 260 lbs • Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. • Loin eye area = 6.8 sq. in. avg. • High fat free lean index • from terminal crossbreeding program

16. Swine Breeds • Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US • Used in some purebreed crossing systems • Source of known genetics for development of hybrids • Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production = HETEROSIS • Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids • e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows • Hampshire x Duroc boars

17. Pork Quality – PSE pork

18. Pork Quality – PSE pork • Pale, soft • less appealing to consumer • water loss affects yield and profitability for processors • associated with porcine stress syndrome • homozygous recessive • lean, heavily muscled hogs

19. Swine Facilities Finisher Free Range Nursery or Finisher with Lagoons Sow Farm