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Choose to view chapter section with a click on the section heading.

Choose to view chapter section with a click on the section heading. Subphylum Vertebrata Sharks and Rays-Teeth and Wings Ray-Finned Fish-Half the World’s Vertebrates Marine Reptiles-Cold Blood and Warm Water Seabirds-At Flight Over and In the Ocean Marine Mammals-Warm Blood in Cold Water.

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  1. Choose to view chapter section with a click on the section heading. • Subphylum Vertebrata • Sharks and Rays-Teeth and Wings • Ray-Finned Fish-Half the World’s Vertebrates • Marine Reptiles-Cold Blood and Warm Water • Seabirds-At Flight Over and In the Ocean • Marine Mammals-Warm Blood in Cold Water

  2. Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4

  3. Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4

  4. Characteristics of Vertebrates • Organisms in this subphylum: • Dominate the upper levels of almost all food webs. • Have a dorsal nerve cord that has developed into a spinal cord, protected by vertebrae. • Have a head with a brain. • Are complex, large, fast, andconspicuous organisms. • Includes man. Subphylum Vertebrata Chapter 7 Page 7-2

  5. Jawless Fish - The Living Ancestors of Sharks and Fish • Jawless fish, the agnathans: • Includes two classes Perromyzontida - the lampreys, and Myxini - the hagfish. • May represent the ancestor of ray-finned fish and sharks. • Scientists theorize that during the Cambrian period the firstof three gill arches on a jawless fish evolved into the first jaws. • Having jaws allowed vertebrates to become very successful predators. Subphylum Vertebrata Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4

  6. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-4 to 7-10

  7. Characteristics of Sharks and Rays Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 7-4

  8. Characteristics of Sharks and Rays • Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, rays and their close relatives. • Sharks and rays don’t look similar on the outside, but share a basic anatomy that classifies them together. • Sharks and rays are jawed fish, that lack a swim bladder, and have cartilaginous skeletons - they lack true bone. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 7-4

  9. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays • Sharks and rays: • Are in the subclass Elasmobranchii. • Are energy-efficient - don’t have to eat as much as other organisms the same size. Because of this they are successful predators. • Have relatively simple cartilaginous skeletons - lighter than bone; saves energy. • Store low-density oils for buoyancy. • Have fins or wings that sit at angles and act like wings to provide lift. • Skin contributes to saving energy. • Have a “conveyor belt” of multiple rows of teeth. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8

  10. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays • Sharks and rays have other interesting characteristics: • Both have lateral lines – lines of sensory hair along the length of the body that detect water motion and vibrations. • Unique to elasmobranchs is electroreception – the ability to sense minute electricity created by muscles and nerves. • Sharks and rays have organs called ampullae of Lorenzini which you can see as visible pits near their snouts used to detect the electrical current. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8

  11. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8 Shark Anatomy

  12. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays • Elasmobranchs differ in their reproductive strategy. • Sharks and rays produce fewer, but more mature offspring. • Most fertilize their eggs internally. • The male deposits sperm in the female via a pair of copulatory organs called claspersfoundat the base of the pelvic fins. • The female lays an egg case in which the juveniles develop for up to six months at which time one or more sharks or rays emerge. • A few shark species are ovoviviparous – the eggs hatch within the mother’s body. • They give birth to live young rather than egg cases. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8

  13. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8 Shark ClaspersOn A Male Shark Egg CaseFrom An Oviparous Species

  14. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays • Small and large sharks. • Most sharks are not “man-eaters.” Many species of sharks are small. • Shark size ranges from hand-sized to thewhale shark – the largest fish in the ocean. • Whale sharks can reach 14 meters (46 feet). • Basking sharks can reach 10 meters (33 feet). • Megamouth sharks can reach 6 meters (20 feet). • All three of these large sharks are filter feeders that consume plankton. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8

  15. Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8 Whale SharkThe largest fish in the ocean. Horned SharkThis California species isless than two feet long as an adult.

  16. The Predators’ Predator • The shark family Lamnidae are famous for their size and abilities. • Family includes makos, porbeagles and great whites. • These sharks: • Are partially warm-blooded - large powerful muscles. • Have efficient swimming shapes. • Are at the top of the food web - an apex predator. • Are in danger of extinction from man. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 7-8 Mako Great White

  17. Special Attributes of Rays • Superorder Batidoidimorpha of subclass Elasmobranchii consists of the rays, which includes skates, mantas and guitarfish. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 9 Manta Ray Stingrays

  18. Special Attributes of Rays • Rays: • Have an anatomy well suited to life on sandy bottoms or midwater. • Are specially adapted to life in midwater are the eagle ray and manta ray. • Have pectoral fin “wings” that stretch forward over the gills and are fused to the sides of the head. • Shoulder girdles are flattened and many bones are fused together for rigidity. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 7-9

  19. Special Attributes of Rays • Rays: • No longer need a tail for swimming, the tail has become a defensive whip in some species. • Literally fly through the water. • Include the mantas with wingspans exceeding 8 meters (26 feet). Mantasfeed on plankton likemany other largerorganisms in the ocean. Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings Chapter 7 Page 7-9 Eagle Ray

  20. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-16

  21. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13

  22. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish • Superclass Osteichthes and Class Actinopterygii are the “bony” or “ray-fin” fish. • They are jawed fish with bone skeletons. • Most have a swim bladder and scales. • Most control buoyancy by adding or releasing gas to/from their swim bladder. • They control the swim bladders with oxygen gas exchanged to and from blood circulation. • Many have a special organ called the gas gland and the rete mirabile that take up gases from the bloodstream for the swim bladder. • This allows many species to hover nearly motionless in midwater. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13

  23. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish • Most ray-finned fish reproduce externally. • The female lays her eggs, usually in vast numbers that can reach millions in some cases. • The male immediately fertilizes them. • Some species protect the eggs and juveniles, others leave larvae to fend for themselves as plankton. • The strategy here is to produce a vast number of off-spring with only a few expected to survive to maturity. Contrast this with elasmobranchs. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13

  24. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13 Basic Ray-Finned Fish Anatomy

  25. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish • Ray-finned fish have characteristics for life on the reef and for life in the open ocean: • Ray-finned fish have lateral lines that detect watermotion and vibrations. • Most open ocean and schooling fish are relatively similar in shape and coloration. • Fusiform shape - spindle form, broader at the head, and V-shaped tail. As in tuna. • Countershaded for concealment - dark on top, light on the bottom. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13

  26. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13 Fast FishTuna adapted to the open ocean life.

  27. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish • Ray-finned fish have adapted to many diverse bottom and reef habitats as well as midwater habitats. • Survival strategies are likewise diverse - concealment, armor and fast swimming. • For protection, reef and bottom species have far more diversity in color, shape, and size than midwater fish. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13 Angelfish Tall narrow bodies. They can turn quickly and maneuver down into narrow cracks to hunt prey and escape predators.

  28. Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish Founder Flat body for living concealed on the bottom. Moray Eel Elongated, snake-like body for living in crevices and small caves Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13 Squirrel Fish A nocturnal fish with a red color that helps it remain concealed at night.

  29. Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes • Two orders in class Actinopterygii have an importantplace in worldwide fisheries. • Order Clupeiformes which includes herrings, pilchards, sardines, and anchovies. • About one-quarter of all fish caught come from this order. • Order Gadiformes which includes cods, pollocks, haddock, whitings, and their relatives. • This order continues to produce about a sixth of the world’s fish catch. • Alaskan pollack, the haddock and whitings have become important fisheries. • Historically, worldwide fisheries have influenced politics and caused wars. Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-14 to 7-15

  30. Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes ClupeiformesAnchovies Gadiformes Cod Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates Chapter 7 Pages 7-14 to 7-15 GadiformesHaddock Gadiformes Pollock

  31. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood andWarm Water Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-16 to 7-19

  32. Characteristics of Reptiles Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Page 7-16

  33. Characteristics of Reptiles • Organisms in class Reptilia mostly live on land or in freshwater. Relatively few live in the ocean. They have these characteristics in common: • Are generally cold-blooded and have scales. • Reproduce (most species) by laying internally fertilized eggs. • Breathe air with lungs at all stages of their lives. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Page 7-16

  34. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards • Three orders of reptiles having marine species are: • Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans. • Members of this order are semi-aquatic with most living in freshwater. Exception is the giant saltwater crocodile. • Order Chelonia – turtles and tortoises. • There are seven species of marine turtles – all live inrelatively warm waters. Most are endangered. • Order Squamata – snakes and lizards. • 61 species of sea snake are true marine organisms. Only one lizard is a true marine reptile – the marine iguana. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19

  35. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,Turtles, Snakes, and LizardsOrder Chelonia – Marine Turtles Green sea turtle.Photo from Belize, Caribbean. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19 Hawksbill turtle. Cayman Islands, Caribbean.

  36. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,Turtles, Snakes, and LizardsOrder Chelonia – Marine Turtles Leatherback turtlefitted with a tracking transmitter. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19 Nesting femalesea turtle.

  37. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,Turtles, Snakes, and LizardsOrder Squamata - Snakes and Lizards Sea snakes.True marine organisms;known for having the most toxic venom of any snake. Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19

  38. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,Turtles, Snakes, and LizardsOrder Squamata - Snakes and Lizards Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19 Marine iguanas. A single species of marine iguanas, found on the Galapagos Islands.

  39. Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-22

  40. Characteristics of Birds Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21

  41. Characteristics of Birds • Birds are vertebrates in class Aves. They share several characteristics: • Feathers, unique to this class. • Forelimbs that are wings. • A four-chambered heart and lay internally fertilized eggs. • Marine birds are important to the marine ecosystem: • They are predators that consume fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. • In turn they are prey to marine mammals and sharks. • They supply guano – a significant source of nutrients, specially organic nitrogen important to sea life. Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21

  42. Characteristics of Birds • Many species of birds exhibit related adaptations to an aquatic life: • Webbed feet for swimming and floating on the surface. • Bill adaptations suited to catching their marine prey, like the pelican’s pouch. • The cormorant flies over water, and dives in it in pursuit of prey. • Birds, like the albatross, have wings and flight characteristics adapted to long-duration flying over wide expanses of water. Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21

  43. Special Attributes of Penguins • Penguins, order Sphenisciformes, all live in the Southern hemisphere. • Penguins make up about 80% of all Antarctic birds and by far outnumber even the massive marine mammal populations. Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Page 7-21 Emperor Penguins.Adapted to a totallymarine existence.

  44. Special Attributes of Penguins • Penguins, order Sphenisciformes, all live in the Southern hemisphere. • Penguins make up about 80% of all Antarctic birds and by far outnumber even the massive marine mammal populations. • Not all species live in cold places. • Penguins are found on the coasts of South America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the nutrient-rich waterssurrounding the Galapagos Islands near the equator, • They cannot fly, but they’re as at home underwater as other birds are in the air. They: • Spend as much as 75% of their time under water searching for food. • Can reach depths of 100 meters (328 feet) and deeper. Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean Chapter 7 Page 7-21

  45. Marine Mammals - Warm Bloodin Cold Water Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-30

  46. Characteristics of Marine Mammals Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25

  47. Characteristics of Marine Mammals • All organisms in class Mammalia share these characteristics. They: • Have hair on some part of the body. • Nourish their young with milk provided by mammary glands. • Are homeothermic (warm-blooded) with a constant internal temperature. • Give birth to live young (majority of species). Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25

  48. Characteristics of Marine Mammals • The marine environment poses FIVE main challenges to mammalian physiology: • 1. Compared to living in air, life in water demands highoxygen consumption. • Marine mammals meet this challenge by breathing air. • 2. There is a need to dive holding their breath for reasonable periods. They: • Use myoglobin, a protein, to bind reversibly with oxygen to make it available for use in metabolism. • Use the mammalian diving reflex – is when diving pulse rate slows and blood flow diverts from the muscles to the heart and brain. • Sink or glide underwater reducing oxygen use. Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-30

  49. Characteristics of Marine Mammals • 3. The water pressure and a need to equalize. • Marine mammals’ lungs and sinuses are very flexible, allowing compression without pain or injury. • Some dolphins and whales have lungs that engorge with blood thus offsetting the compressed space. • 4. The challenge of easy movement through the dense medium of water. • The use of streamlining and hydrodynamics helps with this. Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25

  50. Characteristics of Marine Mammals • 5. The challenge of the senses. They need to hear, see, and smell underwater. • Dolphins and whales use echolocation (natural sonar) to determine distance, size, density, and shape. • Seals and sea lions have sensitive hearing and excellent underwater eyesight. They see poorly above water, but have a keen sense of smell. Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25

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