Literary Elements

1. Literary Elements

2. Literary Elements • Literary Elements: components that make up a work of literature (characters, characterization, conflict, setting, theme, symbolism, point of view, mood, tone, and plot)

3. Characters, Conflict, and Characterization

4. Characters • Characters are people or animals who take part in the action of a story. • Three types of characters whom we may meet in any story. • major characters • minor characters • extrascharacters

5. Major Characters Major characters include the protagonist, the antagonist, and other characters who have a large role in the story.

6. Major Characters Protagonist: (the main/central/leading character) the most important character in a story, poem, or play .The action of the story revolves around the protagonist. Is the protagonist always a good person or the hero? Antagonist: the character or force that opposes the protagonist Is the antagonist always the villain or a mean character?

7. Other Major Characters • They can also have their own subplot within a story. • They play a significant role in the action of the story.

8. Minor Characters Minor characters: are characters that take place in the action but are not the focus of attention; they have a small role.

9. Extra Characters Extra Characters : novels and movies need extra characters to create a realistic scene. Extra characters become part of the setting; therefore, we don’t mention them when discussing characters in a novel.

10. “Monkey’s Paw”

11. “Monkey’s Paw”

12. Static and Dynamic Characters! • Static Characters: characters that do not undergo any internal change from the story’s inception to its conclusion. • Dynamic Characters:characters that undergo an internal change over the course of a story as a result of their experience. Most protagonists are dynamic.

13. A Monkey’s Paw” • Is Mr. White static or dynamic? • Explain

14. Conflict • Conflict- a struggle between conflicting forces; the single most important element of a short story; without some sort of meaningful conflict, a story has little plot to interest the reader Central Conflict • Central Conflict: this conflict drives the main plot of the story; it is the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist; shows up in the inciting incident of plot mountain. **** Important!!! • Stories can also have side conflicts ! !

15. Conflict Categories External Conflict: one in which a character struggles against some outside force Internal Conflict: one in which a character struggles against a force within.

16. Internal Conflict Character vs. Self: A conflict in which the main character is at odds with an internal problem, such as fear, shyness, or guilt.

17. External Conflict • Character vs. Character — A conflict in which a character has a problem with another character. • Character vs. Nature — A conflict in which a character must struggle against a harsh environment or natural disaster. • Character vs. Society — A conflict in which a character faces a problem with a part or the whole of society (e.g., government, tradition, laws). • Character vs. Fate — A conflict in which a character struggles with a force that seems beyond the character’s control • Character vs. Supernatural- A conflict in which a character struggles with a force that is not of the human world.

18. “The Monkey’s Paw” Central Conflict

19. “The Monkey’s Paw”

20. “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi” Central Conflict

21. “Monkey’s Paw” Literary Analysis Target Questions • If the story were to take place in another setting, would the conflict be affected?

22. Characterization Characterization: The ways in which an author reveals the traits of characters to his audience.

23. Two Types of Characterization • Direct Characterization • Indirect Characterization

24. Characterization

25. Indirect Characterization a method of characterization that requires the reader to infer facts about a character’s traits.

26. Characterization Chart • Get out your characterization chart for Mr. White.

27. Indirect Characterization

28. Literary Analysis Question Edit Needed • “He (Sgt. Morris) took the paw, and dangling it between his forefinger and thumb, suddenly threw it upon the fire. White, with a slight cry, stooped down and snatched it off. ‘Better let it burn,’ said the soldier solemnly. ‘If you don't want it Morris,’ said the other, ‘give it to me.’ ‘I won't.’ said his friend doggedly. "I threw it on the fire. If you keep it, don't blame me for what happens. Pitch it on the fire like a sensible man.’” Based on the previous excerpt, which of the following types of indirect characterization is/are used to depict Mr. White as unwise? Speech Thoughts of the character Effects on other characters Actions Looks

29. Theme (AKA: Central Message/Central Idea) vs. Main Idea/Topic

30. What’s the Diff??

31. Moral “A shepherd boy watching a flock of sheep caused a group of villagers to come running to his aid twice by crying, “ Wolf! Wolf!” Each time the villagers arrived, the boy laughed and boasted that he had fooled them. The next day, a wolf really did come, but when the boy cried out, the villagers paid no attention. They thought the boy was trying to trick them again. The wolf was able to eat the boy’s sheep.” • A. It’s easy to criticize what you cannot have. • B. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. • C. Liars are not believed, even when they tell the truth.

32. Review • What is theme? • What is the difference between theme and moral? • What is the difference between theme and main idea?

33. How is Theme Developed? Some examples include: • Conflict in the story’s plot • Symbols embedded within the story • Character’s actions

34. Children’s Literature~ Theme and Main Idea

35. Theme • A theme (Central Message) is the message conveyed by the piece; theme must be converted into a thematic statement. • What were the central ideas of the story?

36. “Monkey’s Paw”~ Theme and Main Idea

37. Symbolism • Symbol: anything that stands for or represents something else. A symbol may be a person, place, thing, or action. It may stand for an idea, belief, feeling, or attitude. A symbol keeps its own meaning while also standing for something else. • Symbols are situational. • Symbols keep their abstract meaning throughout a piece of work. • In literature, things aren’t always what they seem…..

38. Symbolism America Native Americans attributed owls with wisdom and sacred knowledge. The shaman would call upon Owl medicine for insight into the truth of ill-intent. Plains Indians wore owl feathers to protect against evil spirits. Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks attributed the owl to Athena, goddess of wisdom and foresight. This symbol was used on Greek coins and therefore also became associated with wealth.

39. Symbols in our world

44. Symbolism in Literature Credit wording to **http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples -of-symbolism.html

45. What do the bear and the man in these pictures have in common? How are they different?

46. Symbolism • Symbolism in literature is used to enhance writing and they can help develop theme. • It can take many forms including: • characters • words • actions • events that have deeper meaning in a story • metaphors • allegories Credit wording to **http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples -of-symbolism.html

47. Allegory As Symbolism • Allegory: an extended use of symbolism and metaphors. A story, a poem, or even a whole book can be an allegory and the symbolism will permeate throughout.

48. Youth Youth and Birth Middle Age Old Age/ Death

49. Monkey’s Paw How do you think symbolism helps develop or support theme?

50. Monkey’s Paw