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d. French drainage of the Mekong Delta, ca. 1860s for rice, rubber, & tea for French planters. 3. Plantation dominance – Philippines a. export agriculture of tobacco, hemp, coffee, & sugar). b . food plantations (rice, corn, cattle, etc.)
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d. French drainage of the Mekong Delta, ca. 1860s for rice, rubber, & tea for French planters
3. Plantation dominance – Philippines a. export agriculture of tobacco, hemp, coffee, & sugar)
b. food plantations (rice, corn, cattle, etc.) c. agriculture monoculture problems (disease, pests & market vulnerability)
B. Social Transformations 1. permanent landless agricultural laborer class 2. drastic increase in tenancy 3. permanent upper class of ruler- landowners
4. squeezed small landowner & peasants 5. no/very little social mobility 6. large internal population shifts disrupt social life
7. international importation of laborers to Burma (India) & Malaya (India & China) long-term communal- ethnic tensions