Gender in the Netherlands

1. Gender in the Netherlands • What has changed • Current affairs? • Dr. Alkeline van Lenning • Social cultural science • University of Tilburg

2. Government ‘60 • Doesn’t consider it as her job to improve the position of the married working woman through: • Equal earnings • Reducing tax burdens • Encouraging services (day-care centres)

3. Family, Obedience and Authority • Family = nucleus / core • Upbringing, strict rules • Emphasizes obedience on parents & on persons with authority • Harmonious inequality • Differences in upbringing, education for girls and boys • 1965: 85 % of adults has difficulties with mothers who work while having a school going child.

4. 1968 USA • No more Miss America • Freedom Trashcan

5. Changes: the sexual revolution is going on. “A girl should be a virgin when she gets married” • 1965: 42 % of the adults agrees. • 1970: only 17 % of the adults agrees with this view.

6. And • “Dolle Mina’s” whistle after men Demanding: • Toilets for woman • Reclaim the night • Accuse porn industry (Porn = theory ; rape = reality)

7. 1971 • Legalisation of abortion • Opening abortion clinics • Contraceptive pill in sick benefit fund / national health service

8. Feminism used to be a contra-movement • Little self-critisism / reflection on itself • Immense barrier to common sense opinions • Mobilisation of outrage against the other sex • Little room for making subtle differences • Refuse to please any longer

9. 1975 90 % of the adults thinks it’s wrong if a mother of a young child (< 6 years) works But: • Since 1985 an increasing number of woman set out for the labour market. • This growth will persist.

10. ’90-s Meritocraty • Romance of the ’70 (marge) • Romance of the ’90(succes) • From solidarity to individualism • Woman want to play a part in the game and want to win. • But the rules of the game haven’t changed

11. A lot has changed • Woman are as well educated as man • Woman are as lengty educated as man • Woman flow into the labour market • Over 40 % of the woman with young children (age < 4 years) works • Views about this are liberal as well for man as woman.

12. Positive: Increase labour share in all categories of woman The traditional breadwinner-model has disappeared Negative Woman work more often parttime It isn’t replaced by a double-income model but by a one-and-a-half-income model Positive & Negative Developments

13. Positive More and more woman have an income of their own and woman become more financially independent Negative Woman have a lower hourly wage in comparison to man The feminisation of poverty continues: over the households with a low income the share households of woman as only or most income increases Positive & Negative

14. How is this inequality possible? • How much are feminism and masculinity determined by biology?

15. Male are promiscue by nature Boys are more agressive Girls cry more quickly Woman are more capable by nature of raising small children than man Children aren’t made like that, it’s a cultural issue Conservatives always call on nature to validate their point of view Controversy and depate / dispute

16. Nature - Nurture • The biology exists within the history, the culture, the social and the symbolic discipline. • Inmagine a society with sexuality, sleep or hunger without the foresaid. • Biological impulses are regulated and receive a meaning within the social order of culture

17. Difference – similartity discussion flares up • Are man and woman essentailly equal and should we aim our strategic battle on equality? Or: • Are woman just essentially different and do we want acknowledgement for feminine attributes and qualities?

18. Sex Trivial physical sexcharacteristics Gender The cultural consequence wich is connected to the biological body Implications on the societal and psychological field Ann Oakley (1972)

19. Why does gender inequality gets passed on everytime again? • Why is sex-inequality still reproduced whereas nobody wants that to happen and everybody expresses the equality between the sex? • There’s no more discrimination • People do want to hire woman • Since tens of years the educational system has been open for woman.

20. Wishes of the community, of man as well woman, are fairly emancipative. With the arrival of a child, many woman partially withdraw from the labour market Nevertheless many couples intent to divide the household-jobs less traditionally. • High education and equal opportunities at the start of the labour market. • On the other hand: the rest gives up her job when the first child has arrived. • And differences increase when a second child arrives.

21. Research for double income couples with children • Emancipatory opinion

22. Joan Scott: Why is gender everytime again an meanigfull category? Dont’ look at the sexdifferences (little woman at a key position). But it has to be viewed as the outcome of different meaningful processes. And these processes should be the object of investigation.

23. Questions to be made • Everytime: how does gender becomes an important catagory? • How is gender constructed, how is it reproduced? • It isn’t about the inventory of the differences, but about the productionprocess.

24. Gender constitutes in: • Symbols and ideas For instance: Hard/soft, light/dark, pollution/ pure, innocence/corruption. 2. Normative interpretations These refer to symbols and actuate symbols. They are sort of concepts wich you’ll find in all kinds of political and religious but also in scientific doctrines and also in common sense: value judgements: objective, hard science, soft investigation / technical with people. Toiletry, parfums

25. Gender constitutes in: 3.Political and social institutions and organisations. This view believes that gender plays a role in all sorts of societal systems like the labourmarket, the education system and politics. 4. Subjective identities Here belongs the urgency to investigate how sexual identities are constructed

26. Jessica Benjamin • The devalued feminin domain should be restored • The field that until recently used to be part of the male, should be open to woman. • The contradiction between the two state of minds should be eliminated.

27. Current emancipatorty policy of the governement Emphasizes: • Labour & Care • Glass ceiling

28. Migration • The Netherland is confronted with non-western male/female relationships. • Travel - and communication possibilities and large communities from origin culture, make it less necessary to integrate.

29. Freedom? Decency? What seems to divide us?

30. Freedom Powergirls (machismo) Not a loser but a winner (also with sex) The Hedonism Decency Honour of the woman but aslo of the whole family Restrictions The Moral Woman

31. But what are we doing with our freedom? • Bad acting / cliches / empty sex with young plastic bodies. • More explicit and commercialised • More rude • Bad taste: vulgar • Feminin sex for masculine lust • Eating disorders, Cosmetic surgery

32. Western culture becomes more visual and commercial • More, younger, better • Adoration of youth (energy, future) • Body isn’t any longer the dungeon of the soul but the temple.

33. Advertisers exploit insecurities • Looks get connected to professionality and succes • Dress for succes • Stay young / discipline

34. But what does decency means? • The double standard: uneven criterion for man and woman • Denial or underestimation of the female sex • Fear of female sex • Girls circumcision • Polygamy • Expulsion

35. The Netherlands has to do with • Honour revenge • Arranged marriages • Girls circumcision / hymen reparation • Increasing number of teenager-pregnancies • Increasing white-slave traffic

36. Relation of woman with sexuality