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Explore the critical role of Rules of Engagement (ROE) in defending against suicide attacks, covering strategic, operational, and tactical considerations, unit self-defense ROE, and specific tactics for land, convoy, boat, and plane threats. Learn about key issues, training considerations, and operational challenges in countries like Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and more.
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ROE Case Study:Defending Against Suicide Attacks Sri Lanka United Kingdom Pakistan Yemen United States Afghanistan Iraq
Introduction • Rules of Engagement (ROE) critical to effective defense • Must comply with the law relevant in: • internal disturbances & tensions • internal armed conflict • international armed conflict
Strategic, Operational, Tactical Considerations • Civilian leadership approval of ROE • weigh protection of civilians & soldiers against probability of incidental injury and collateral damage • Military commanders use ROE to give guidance on force to be used
Strategic, Operational, Tactical Considerations • ROE define: • When, where, how much force • Who is authorized to decide • to accomplish mission, defend self & others • & minimize “friendly-fire”
Strategic, Operational, Tactical Considerations • ROE must be constantly reviewed during operations
Unit Self-Defense ROE • Basis: UN Charter Article 51 • Requirements: Necessity & Proportionality • Necessity: hostile act but also hostile intent ?
Unit Self-Defense ROE • Proportionate Force • U.S. definition • “shoot-to-wound” or “shoot-to-stop”?
Unit Self-Defense ROE • U.S. Self-Defense ROE: • When possible, warn & give opportunity to withdraw • attack when only prudent means available • pursue only if hostile act or hostile intent continues • Tactics, Techniques, & Procedures
ROE: Defending Against Suicide Attacks on Land • Checkpoint or Roadblock • Deliberate or Hasty • Factors: • Mission • Enemy • Terrain • Troops Available • Time • Civilians Army FM3-21.9
ROE: Defending Against Suicide Attacks on Land • Warn, fire upon if necessary • When possible use escalating measures • Lethal force as last resort
Attacks on Land:Tactics, Techniques, Procedures • Position • Fields of fire • Create barriers • Post signs • Shout warnings • Combat vehicles • Safe distance Army FM3-21.9
Attacks on Land:Tactics, Techniques, Procedures • Detection dogs • Heavy clothing • Hands in pockets • Low-riding vehicle • Order people out • Public awareness
Terrain Airport Mansour District Roadblock 541
Roadblock 541 “Route Vernon” Airport Road
Alert line Roadblock 541 N Warning line • Blocking vehicle to alert line =118m • Blocking vehicle to warning line = 83 m • Length of ramp = 223m Route Vernon overpass Airport Road Not to scale
Incident at Roadblock 541:Baghdad Airport Road, March, 2005 Giuliana Sgrena Nicola Calipari
Alert line Roadblock 541 • Blocking vehicle to alert line =118m • Blocking vehicle to warning line = 83 m • Blocking vehicle to disabled vehicle stop point = 38m • Disabled vehicle stop point to warning line = 45m • Length of ramp = 223m Warning line Route Vernon overpass Airport Road
ROE for Convoy & PatrolAgainst Suicide Attacks • Establish minimum safe distance • Warn, fire upon if necessary • When possible, use escalating measures
ROE Against Suicide Boat Attack • Set minimum safe distances • Escalated warnings • Open fire if necessary • Tactics: • In port • Weapons • Foreign port • Picket boats
ROE Against Suicide Planes • Warn, fire upon if necessary • Tactics: • Air defense identification zones • No-fly zones • Integrate radar • Combat air patrol, anti-aircraft units • Evacuate civilians
Common Issues • Who decides to shoot? • How much force? • Use of warnings? • Balance effective use of force against risk of mistake
Training Considerations • General Training • Scenario Briefings • Situational Exercises
