9.00 Introduction to Psychology

9.00 Introduction to Psychology Talia Konkle 21 Feb 07

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The Plan for today : Review: Blitzkrieg Neuroanatomy Neuroscience Methods A little on TMS :15 Discussion: Neuroscience of Lies :40 :50 Logistics: Paper Guidelines Timekeeper?

01-10 W. W. Norton

Synapse

03-09 W. W. Norton

Brodmann, K., Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: J.A. Barth, 1909.

02-07 W. W. Norton

Broca’s Area: • language processing • speech production and comprehension • Broca’s aphasia: • results from damage to Broca’s Area (e.g., lesions) • unable to create grammatically-complex sentences • speech described as telegraphic, contains content words only • comprehension is relatively normal

05-04 W. W. Norton

10-09 W. W. Norton

Stroop Effect Word Set #1

… why? Methods Section Question: How do we study the brain?

THE GOAL Hey ___, you took brain classes at MIT. How do they get these brain areas lighting up? What do you make of it?

Question: How do we study the brain? What methods can we use to figure out what the role of a certain brain area is?

Answers: eeg lesions fmri single cell recording stimulation

fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation Causality: Direct Indirect lesions fmri single cell recording eeg stimulation

Precision fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation fmri single cell recording Good Spatial Good Temporal stimulation lesions eeg stimulation

fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation fmri single cell recording Invasive Non Invasive lesions stimulation eeg stimulation

// Begin TMS //

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation… If you want to hear about brain zapping, you’ve come to the right place and if you don’t… too bad

What is it and how does it work?

What is it and how does it work? Electromagnetism Coil Types Spatial and Temporal Resolution Neuron Stimulation… proof by motor cortex

Will it hurt me? • Myths of TMS: • It will give me a seizure • It will damage my brain at high intensities • The effects are permanent • Animal studies show no cell death even with high stimulation rates.

What’s it good for? Applications of TMS Experimental Clinical - Integrity of motorpathways - Treatment of depression Single Pulse Repetitive - Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning • Motor System probe - Virtual Scotoma - Blind Braille readers

Mythical Applications of TMS Induce creativity (Australian report) “I looked down at my work. The first felines were boxy and stiffly unconvincing. But after I had been subjected to about 10 minutes of transcranial magnetic stimulation, their tails had grown more vibrant, more nervous; their faces were personable and convincing. They were evenbeginning to wear clever expressions. I could hardly recognize them as my own drawings, though I had watched myself render each one, in all its loving detail. Somehow over the courseof a very few minutes, and with no additional instruction, I had gone from an incompetent draftsman to a very impressive artist of the feline form.As remarkable as the cat-drawing lesson was, it was just a hint of (Allan) Snyder's work and its implications for the study of cognition. He has used TMS dozens of times on university students, measuring its effect on their ability to draw, to proofread and to perform difficult mathematicalfunctions like identifying prime numbers by sight. Hooked up to the machine, 40 percent of test subjects exhibited extraordinary, and newfound, mental skills. That Snyder was able to induce these remarkable feats in a controlled, repeatable experiment is more than just a greatparty trick; it's a breakthrough that may lead to a revolution in the way we understand the limits of our own intelligence -- and the functioning of the human brain in general.” From the New York Times: Savant for a Day, June 22, 2003, By LAWRENCE OSBORNE

What’s it good for? Applications of TMS Experimental Clinical - Integrity of motor pathways - Treatment of depression Single Pulse Repetitive Hope that it might be substitute for electroconvulsive therapy? - Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning • Motor System probe - Virtual Scotoma - Reading Braille

What’s it good for? Applications of TMS Experimental Clinical - Integrity of motor pathways - Treatment of depression Single Pulse Repetitive - Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning • Motor System probe - Virtual Scotoma - Reading Braille

Virtual Scotoma

PET activation in blind individuals when reading Braille. PET activation in sighted individuals when doing tactile discrimination task.

Assessing functional relevance: TMS during tactile exploration Blind individuals doing identification task with Braille Sighted individuals doing identification task with embossed Roman letters

How do you zap the right place?

How do you zap the right place? Stereotaxic localization

How do you zap the right place?

for the economically minded: How much does this cost? Neopulse 40K Magstim 30 K Polaris & Brainsight 60 K EMG setup 10 K

// End TMS //

// Begin Ethics //

Question: Should we use neuroimaging results in court (e.g. lie detector technology) read story…

Question: Should we use neuroimaging to decide about taking people off life-support?

Extras…

LOGISTICS Papers Due 1 week from today in section - BRING 2 COPIES!!

Motor Systems Probe: Brain-based poloygraph? Pre-Question Post-Question Simple (yes/no): Are you a man? Complex: How old are you? Two effects: Main effect (lie>truth, pre and post) Interaction

Mythical Applications of TMS Induce religious experience (Canadian report) Cook, CM and Persinger, MA Percept Mot Skills. 1997 85):683-93. Experimental induction of the "sensed presence" in normal subjects and an exceptional subject.9 of the 15 volunteers who were exposed to successive 3-min. durations of bursts of different types of weak (1 microT) complex magnetic fields or sham-fields reported the sense of a presence as indicated by a button press at the time of the experience… An exceptional subject who had a history of experiencing within his upper left peripheral visual field "flashing images" concerning the health and history of people [when handling their photographs] was also exposed to the burst sequences. Numbers of button presses associated with the experiences of a mystical presence, to whom the subject attributed his capacity, increased when the complex magnetic fields were applied without the subject's knowledge. The results support the hypothesis that the sense of a presence, which may be the common phenomenological base from which experiences of gods, spirits, angels, and other entities are derived, is a right hemispheric homologue of the left hemispheric sense of self.

What’s it good for? Applications of TMS Experimental Clinical - Integrity of motor pathways - Treatment of depression Single Pulse Repetitive - Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning • Motor System probe - Virtual Scotoma - Blind Braille readers

Motor Systems Probe: Assessment of Motor Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis TMS stimulation over ulnar nerve TMS stimulation at C-7 level of spinal cord TMS stimulation over motor cortex TMS stimulation over ulnar nerve TMS stimulation at C-7 level of spinal cord TMS stimulation over motor cortex

Briefly, what’s a MEP? … Brain-based polygraph?

Motor Systems Probe: Does action observation engage motor system? (Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2002) Participant watches a movie of person moving either the left or right index finger.

9.00 Introduction to Psychology