Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail M.B.B.S.(Mal), Ph.D (UKM) Professor of Pharmacology

1. Drugs and You ASSIGNMENT Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail M.B.B.S.(Mal), Ph.D (UKM) Professor of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine UiTM

2. Common terminologies • Indications • Contraindications • drug can’t be given to patient • Absolute contraindication • Definitely cannot be given as it has a high risk of causing harm to patient • Relative contraindication • Drug can be given with specific cautions

3. Common terminologies • Tolerance - a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration of that drug. - larger doses must be given to get the same magnitude of effect. - not with all drugs - very important with certain drugs

4. Drug nomenclature Chemical name: - N-acetyl-para-amino phenol • **Generic name** - Paracetamol • Trade/Proprietary name – Panadol, Tylenol etc.

5. Classification of drugs based on: • MOA: COX inhibitors • Organ system that it affects: CNS drugs, GIT drugs etc • Uses – anti-inflammatories, analgesics, bronchodilators

6. Routes of administration Principles in Administering Medications “5 Rights” of drug administration • Right drug • Right dose • Right time • Right patient • Right route

7. Routes of administration - objectives • To describe the various routes of drug administration • To understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various routes of drug administration

8. Routes of administration

9. Routes of administration • Enteral • enteral means to do with the GIT (gastrointestinal tract) • includes oral, buccal, and rectal. • Parenteral • Not through the GIT • Common routes - IV, IM, SC; but could also include topical and inhalation. • Special – intravenous (i/v) • Does not need to cross any membrane (skips absorption process)

10. Oral - Advantages Advantages • Convenient • (Relatively) Cheap • Variety • Conscious • etc. Disadvantages http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0702.html

11. Buccal/Sublingual • Buccal tablets • held in mouth • designed to dissolve slowly. • Sublingual tablet • under the tongue • rapidly absorbed. • e.g. nitroglycerin may be used for the rapid relief of angina. • Advantages: • Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0703.html

12. Rectal • Most commonly - suppository or enema. • Advantages: • Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0703.html

13. Intravenous Drugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes or longer by infusion. Advantages: • Rapid - quick response possible • Total dose - delivered  blood stream. •  doses – infusion. Disadvantages: • Difficult to find suitable vein. • Toxicity a problem with rapid administrations. Diagram - Showing IV, IM, and SC Injection http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0704.html

14. Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Subcutaneous • This involves administration of the drug dose just under the skin. Intramuscular • Larger volume, than sc, can be given by IM Advantages: Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0705.html

15. Other ROA – what it means &when is it used • Inhalation • Topical • Other ROA's • intra-nasal • intra-arterial • intrathecal • http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0706.html