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MEDICINES and DRUGS Depressants

MEDICINES and DRUGS Depressants. What are depressants?. Substances that calm and relax (depress) the central nervous system by interfering with nerve impulse transmission. They slow down brain activity They slow down heart activity They reduce breathing rate They dull emotional responses.

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MEDICINES and DRUGS Depressants

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  1. MEDICINES andDRUGSDepressants Medicines and Drugs

  2. What are depressants? • Substances that calm and relax (depress) the central nervous system by interfering with nerve impulse transmission. • They slow down brain activity • They slow down heart activity • They reduce breathing rate • They dull emotional responses Medicines and Drugs

  3. How do depressants work? • Depressants change the communication between brain cells by altering the concentration or the activity of chemicals called neurotransmitters • Depressants causes a depression, or a decrease in brain activity. • Depressants can be categorized by dosage effect – this categorization includes tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics. Medicines and Drugs

  4. What are anti-depressants? Antidepressants are drugs used to treat the clinical condition known as depression (mood changes, insomnia, fatigue, despair, inability to concentrate) Medicines and Drugs

  5. It’s the dose…..not the drug… Low doses Little or no effect Moderate doses Sedation Soothing Reduction of anxiety High doses Sleep Slurred speech Extremely high doses Coma Death Medicines and Drugs

  6. Tranquilizers Mild action Relieve anxiety and tension Ethanol & Valium Medicines and Drugs

  7. Sedatives Soothing of distress Not producing sleep at normal doses Barbiturates Medicines and Drugs

  8. Use and abuse of ethanolDoses 30-50mg /100ml of bloodEuphoria 100mg / 100ml of bloodSlurred speech, staggering, aggressive behavior 200mg / 100ml of bloodDifficult movement and vision 400mg / 100ml of bloodComa, death Medicines and Drugs

  9. Use and abuse of ethanolSocial effects Sickness, death- Cost of treatment - Lost productivity Violent crimes Car accidents Alcoholism, family problems Medicines and Drugs

  10. Use and abuse of ethanolPhysiological effects Short-term effectseuphoriasociabilityrelaxationdecreased inhibitionsloss of judgementimpairment of perception/memoryincreased reaction timeviolent behaviordizzinessloss of balancenausea, vomittingdeath Medicines and Drugs

  11. Use and abuse of ethanolPhysiological effects Long-term effects:cirrhosis of liverliver cancercoronary heart diseasehigh blood pressurestrokesgastritispeptic ulcersanxiety/depressionfetal abnormalitiesphysical dependence/tolerance Medicines and Drugs

  12. Use and abuse of ethanolSynergistic effects Alcohol + aspirinrisk of stomach bleeding Alcohol + sedativesheavy sedationcomma, death Alcohol + cocainehigh blood pressureirregular heart beat Medicines and Drugs

  13. Detection of ethanolBreathalyzer Road-side test Ethanol in breath Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid Use of acidified K2Cr2O7 Orange to green color Transfer of electrons > current > voltage measured Medicines and Drugs

  14. Medicines and Drugs

  15. Detection of ethanolChromatography (GLC) • Ethanol in breath, blood and urine • Inert gas through liquid or solid • Compounds separated by b.p. • Different retention times recorded • Amount = area under peak • Other drugs can be detected, too Medicines and Drugs

  16. Medicines and Drugs

  17. Medicines and Drugs

  18. Detection of ethanolIntoximeter(infra-red spectroscopy) • Ethanol in breath • Transmittance versus wavenumber =IR spectrum • Characteristic peak of -OH @ 3340cm-1 • Comparison of sample and reference • Amount = size of peak Medicines and Drugs

  19. Medicines and Drugs

  20. Other depressantsDiazepan (Valium) • Sedative Medicines and Drugs

  21. Other depressantsNitrazepan (Mogadon) • Sleeping pill Medicines and Drugs

  22. Other depressantsFluoxetin hydrochloride (Prozac) • Anti-depressant • Amine+HCl=hydrochloride:water soluble Medicines and Drugs

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