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1. Plassey. Battle of Plassey. Causes And Consequences. CAUSES Disputed succession of Siraj ud Daula British help to Siraj ud Daula’s rivals Fortification by the British Misuse of the trade privileges Affair of Krishana Ballabh Occupation of Calcutta and black hole tragedy
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Battle of Plassey Causes And Consequences
CAUSES • Disputed succession of Siraj ud Daula • British help to Siraj ud Daula’s rivals • Fortification by the British • Misuse of the trade privileges • Affair of Krishana Ballabh • Occupation of Calcutta and black hole tragedy • Reoccupation of Calcutta by the English in 1757 • Treaty of Ali Nagar in 1757 • Capture of Chander Nagar • Immediate cause
Significance Political significance • British became rulers from traders • British became masters of Bengal • It opened doors to conquer India • End of the rule of SirajudDaula • British came to know about the negative side of the character of the Indians • It helped them to win in the battle of Buxar • Grieved and unsatisfied Hindus under Muslim rule joined the British • Muslim rule came to an end
Military significance • Mughals lost Bengal forever • Cowardice of the Mughals was exposed • British could bring their troops easily in Bengal through sea route and also could use their naval power as Bengal was situated on the sea coast • In the Nawab’s army 500 soldiers were killed and about 500 were wounded whereas only 23 British soldiers were killed and 49 were wounded.
Economic significance • Fertile and prosperous province like Bengal came under British control. • With the wealth of Bengal it became easy for the British to conquer other regions of India • The British soldiers got much booty or plunder • After the battle Mir Jafar who became the Nawab of Bengal gave a lot of wealth to the British Company. He was asked to pay a huge amount to company • British company established its own mint in Calcutta • It got an estate of 24 districts • It got the privilege of right to trade without paying any tax
Moral significance • They became more greedy and they began to use moral and immoral means to attain wealth • They started to tyrannize the common people • People came to know the moral degradation of the British
Battle Buxar Causes and consequences
Causes • Battle of Plassey led to the battle of Buxar • Misuse of the trade privileges by the British • Mir Kasim’s desire to be free from British influences • Improper trade was stopped by Mir Kasim • Major Ellis’ attack on Patna • Skirmish between Mir Kasim and Major Adam • Appointment of Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal
Significances • Treaty of Allahabad • Mir Jafar became a puppet into the hands of British Company • Powers of the Nawab snatched away • Mir Jafar who was made as the Nawab of Bengal promised to give compensation of the battle • He also promised to re-impose the toll tax on the Indians • The troops of Nawab were reduced and in his court the British resident remained permanently • The power of Nawab of Audh was dispersed • Mir Kasim fled away • Mughal emperor ShaAlam was given the right to collect revenue from the states of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He was given 26 lacs annually and also given the districts of Allahabad and Kara. Thus Mughal emperor became fully under the control of British.
Robert Clive Dual system
Life and carrier • Born in England in 1725 and in 1744 became a clerk in the British East India Company.
In 1757 in the battle of Plassey he defeated Siraj ud Daula and Mir Jafar was made as the new Nawab of Bengal. He got a lot of wealth in the shape of gifts. The credit of the victory of the battle of Plassey goes to Clive. British were firmly established in Bengal with the victory in the battle of Plassey.
Governorship in Bengal • First-from 1757-1760 • Second-1765-67 • Dual system- two powers took part in the administration of Bengal i.e. Nawab and company
Merits of dual system • End of struggle for supremacy between Nawab and British Company • Trick on European powers like French and Dutch • Protection from rebellions by the Indians • Clive could satisfy the directors of the British company • Protection from the opposition by the Marathas • Economic benefits • Unstable system • Managed able and experienced employees
Demerits of dual system • Separated power and responsibility • Evil of individual trade • Harm to lndian trade and Indian traders • Spoilt administration • Anarchy and chaos • Bad effect on judicial system • Huge income to the company with no responsibilities
Reforms of Warren Hastings Administrative reforms
Letter • Letter from Warren Hastings to George Bogle, an employ of EAST INDIA COMPANY, who later became P.A. of him.
Difficulties of Warren Hastings • Dual government • Defective revenue system • Terrible famine in Bengal(1769-70) • Ruined trade • Defective judicial system • Financial Bankruptcy • Hostile council • Regulating Act of 1773 • Marathas • Hostility of Haidar Ali of Mysore • American war of Independence 1775-83
Administrative reforms • End of dual or double government • Appointment of British Collectors • The treasure was brought to Calcutta from Murshidabad • Suppression of Dacoits and Ascetics
Revenue reforms • Establishment of Board of revenue and Board Trade • Appointment of Rai Rayan • The system of lease for one year instead of five years • End of free pass system • Removal of illegal Octroi posts • Reduction of toll tax • Trade mission in foreign countries
Judicial reforms • Abolition of the judicial rights of landlords • Establishment of civil and criminal courts • Establishment of Sardar Diwani court and Sardar Nizamat court • Judicial process was written in the written form • Fixed salaries to the judges, who were banned in accepting gifts or presents or fees • Establishment of peace and security
Other reforms • In 1781 a college was established in Calcutta in which Indians were educated • With the help of Sir William Jones he established ‘Bengal Native Asiatic Society’ for making researches in history • Changes in military system • Police reforms in Calcutta • Victory over hostile councils
REFORMS OF Cornwallis(1786-1793) CARRIER AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
JUDICIAL REFORMS • the judicial system set up by Cornwallis was based on the principal of equality and western conception of justice. Religious law or personal law of the ruler or local agent was replaced by codified secular law. The sovereignty of law was proclaimed in unmistakable terms. Even government officials could be tried in the courts. • In 1787 the collectors in charge of districts were made judges of DiwaniAdalats, were given more magisterial powers and empowered to try criminal cases with limits. • Changes were made in the field of criminal administration during 1790-92. The District FaujadariAdalats presided over by the Indian judges were abolishedcand in their place four circuit courts were set up. These courts were presided by Europeans. These courts toured the districts twice a year and tried the person committed by city magistrates. • SadarNizamatAdalat was replaced by a similar court set up at Calcutta. • There were some undesirable effects in his code. The elaborate code was so complicated that common man could not follow it justice proved very expensive false hood, chicanery and deceit began to yield dividends. Litigation increased greatly. There was great delay in the disposal of justice. European judges were ignorant of the customs and habits of Indians.
Cornwallis Code • Cornwallis’ judicial reforms took final shape by 1793. The new reforms were based on the principle of separation of powers. • Cornwallis code divested the collector of all judicial and magisterial powers and left him with the duty of administration of revenue. Thus he tried to separate the revenue administration from the administration of justice. • A new class of officer called the district judge was created to preside over the district civil court. He was given magisterial and police functions. • A gradation of civil courts was set up. • The distinction between revenue and civil cases was abolished and the new Diwani courts competent to try all civil cases. • Cornwallis proclaimed the principal of sovereignty of law in India. • Important changes were introduced in the field of criminal administration. The District FaujadariAdalat presided over by Indian officers were abolished.
Reform of criminal laws • During 1790- 93 Cornwallis introduced certain changes in the criminal law which were regularized by a parliamentary act of 1790. • In December 1790 a rule framed for the guidance of Muhammedan law officers. • The usual punishment of amputation of limbs of body was replaced by temporary hard labour or fine and imprisonment according to the circumstances of the case. • Regulation IX 1793 amended the law of evidence.
Police reforms • When the police superintendents were found corrupt a regulation was passed in 1791 defining the powers of the police superintendents. • To induce the police officials to act honestly and with promptitude Cornwallis raised the salaries of all police officers offered good rewards for the discovery and arrests of burglars and murderers. • In districts the zamindarswere deprived of all police powers and English magistrates were given control of the district police. • police superintendents assisted by police constables were placed in each area of each district.
Revenue reforms • Reorganized revenue department. • In 1787 the province of Bengal was divided into fiscal areas and each was placed under a collector. • The number of collectorships was reduced from 36 to 23. • The old committee of revenue was as the as the board of revenue and charged with the duty of superintending the work of collectors. • His great reform was permanent settlement and according to this the zamindars were recognized as the owners of land and a ten years’ settlement was made with them in 1790. The state demand was fixed at 89% of the rental , leaving 11% with the zamindars as their share for their trouble and responsibility.
Commercial reforms • He tried to put an end to the corruption rampant in the commercial department. He found that the company’s servants were making huge profits while sending goods to England. The members of board were also found accepting bribes and gifts. He took measures to put an end to all these practices. • He forbade the company’s officials and employees the acceptance of bribes and gifts or indulgence in private trade by raising their salaries.
Europeanization of administrative machinery • He reserved all higher services for the Europeans and reduced the Indians to the position of hewers of wood drawers of water. The doors of covenanted services were closed to Indians. • In the army the Indians could not rise above the position of Jemadars and Subedars and in civil services not above the status of Munsiffs or Sadar Amins or Deputy Collectors.
