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Great Power Intervention in Iran

Great Power Intervention in Iran. 1925 - 1977. Great Power Intervention in Iran: When to Begin?. Alexander the Great? Arab Invasion? Genghis Khan? Great Game – Britain and Imperial Russia. Pahlavi Iran. 1925: Reza Khan formally becomes Shah Qajars ousted “Modernization from above”

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Great Power Intervention in Iran

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  1. Great Power Intervention in Iran 1925 - 1977

  2. Great Power Intervention in Iran: When to Begin? • Alexander the Great? • Arab Invasion? • Genghis Khan? • Great Game – Britain and Imperial Russia

  3. Pahlavi Iran • 1925: Reza Khan formally becomes Shah • Qajars ousted • “Modernization from above” • Anglo-Persian Oil Co. concession annulled in 1932 • UK pressure for a new contract • 1933 new concession

  4. World War II • Sour relations with British over Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later AIOC) • An alliance with Germany?

  5. Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran

  6. World War II • Sour relations with British over Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later AIOC) • An alliance with Germany? • 1941 British-Soviet Invasion • 1941 Reza Shah abdicates • Establishment of Tudeh Party (pro-Soviet) • Mohammad Reza Shah becomes new king • 1942 Tripartite Treaty • 1944 Majlis outlaws foreign oil concessions

  7. Post-WWII • First crisis of Cold War: “Battle for Azerbaijan” • Soviet troops remain in Azerbaijan Province • Required to withdraw from Iran by 2 March 1946 • Troop movement towards Tehran, 4 March 1946 • Ambassador Ala speech to UN • 21 March 1946

  8. Post-WWII • The end of Soviet influence • Truman pressures the Soviets • Ahmad Qavam’s empty promise to USSR • 1946 Soviet “agreement” • Oil rights in exchange for troop withdrawal • Soviets leave Iran, 10 May 1946

  9. Mossadeq & Nationalization • The National Front • Alliance with Tudeh Party and with Kashani • Gen. Ali Razmara becomes Prime Minister • Assassinated 7 Mar 1951 • Majlis votes Mossadeq as new PM • 29 Apr 1951 • Nationalization of AIOC • Worldwide boycott of Iran

  10. After the Nationalization • Shah replaces Mossadeq with Qavam • Mossadeq returns • Declares “state of emergency”

  11. Mossadeq returns

  12. After the Nationalization • Shah replaces Mossadeq with Qavam • Mossadeq returns • Declares “state of emergency”

  13. After Nationalization: 1953 Coup • Operation AJAX • 28 Mordad / August 19, 1953 • Mohammad Reza Shah regains power

  14. Mohammad Reza Shah • Ending the Oil Crisis • 1954 Oil Consortium • Renewed alliance with the West • Baghdad Pact 1955 • Creation of security forces in 1957: SAVAK • The White Revolution • Pressure from Kennedy for “progressive” leadership • Khomeini: “White Revolution is a serious threat to Islam” • Exiled 1964

  15. “Policeman of the Gulf” • Image of a “strongman” • Nixon Doctrine and the “Twin Pillars” • “Unlimited” quantities of nonnuclear weapons • IBEX and the surveillance of the Soviet Union • Fighting communism in the Persian Gulf • The Shah’s OPEC speech • OPEC as a price-setter • 1974 Petroleum Law

  16. But how secure was the Shah’s throne? Stay tuned…

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