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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning in Learning

This chapter delves into classical and operant conditioning, key concepts in learning theory. Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences. We explore terms like reinforcement, punishment, and schedules of reinforcement in operant learning, alongside cognitive approaches such as observational learning and latent learning. Understand how these concepts shape behavior and learning processes.

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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning in Learning

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  1. LEARNING CHAPTER FIVE

  2. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LEARNING: PART ONE

  3. LEARNING • A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

  4. Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov • A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

  5. Neutral Stimulus • A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest

  6. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Stimulus that naturally brings about particular response without having been learned

  7. Unconditional response (UCR) • Response that is natural & needs no training • Salivation at the smell of food

  8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus

  9. Extinction • A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency & eventually disappears

  10. Spontaneous Recovery • The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest & with no further conditioning

  11. OPERANT CONDITIONING LEARNING: PART TWO

  12. Operant Conditioning • Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on it’s favorable or unfavorable consequences

  13. Reinforcement • Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

  14. Reinforcer • Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

  15. Positive Reinforcer • A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

  16. Negative Reinforcer • An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

  17. Punishment • A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

  18. Schedules of Reinforcement • Different patterns of frequency & timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

  19. Partial (or intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule • Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

  20. Fixed-Ratio Schedule • A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

  21. Variable-Ratio Schedule • A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number

  22. Shaping • The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior

  23. Behavior Modification • A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors & decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

  24. THE CONGNITIVE APPROACHES TO LEARNING LEARNING: PART THREE

  25. Cognitive Learning Theory • An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

  26. Latent Learning • Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided fir displaying it

  27. Observational Learning • Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

  28. THINK!!! • Violence in television, video games, music, & movies. Does the media’s message matter??? • Does our culture influence how and what we learn??? • What’s your Learning Style??? (196-197)Try it!

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