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??????????,???????:1.??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????(Dalrymple

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    1. ????????? ????????? ???

    2. ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ?????????,??????? ….

    3. ??????????,???????: 1.?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????(Dalrymple & Burke, 1997) ? 2.??????,??????????????? ????????????????/??????????(Chiu & Chan, 1997)? ?????????????????,????/???????????????(Active Involvement of Client),?????????????????????????(Hasenfeld, 1987)?

    4. ???????????????????,????????????????? ?????????????????????,??????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????

    5. ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????(Solomon,1976)? ????????????,?????????????????,??????????????,????????????????

    6. ????,???????,?????????? ?????????: ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????

    7. ???????(???,1999) : 1. ??????????????????????; 2. ??????????????????????; 3. ??????,?/?????????????;???????????????????; 4. ??:??????????,??????????????????

    8. ???? ??????????,??Barbara Solomon????Solomon?1976??????--?Black Empowerment:Social Work in Oppressed Community? ???????????????????????????????????????,???????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????

    9. 1970??,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????? ???,?????????????,???????????,??????????????????? ????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

    10. ??Langan?Lee(1989)???, ???????????????????????????????????????,???????? ???????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????

    11. Solomon(1976)?????????, ??--???????(Reducing of Powerlessness) ??— 1.??????????(??????????????)?(the Powerless Group)??????(?????????????,??????????)?(Power Blocks) ? 2.???/?????????????(Indirect Power Blocks)????????????(Direct Power Blocks)???? (???????,1999) Torre(1985)?????????????????,??????????????????????

    12. ???????????( SIMON1994) : ????:1893-1917 ????: ????????,?????????????????????,???????????,????????????? ?????????????,??????,????????????

    13. ???????????: ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????

    14. ??????:1917-1945 ????: ???????????????????????,????? ??????????????,???????????

    15. ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????: ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????

    16. ?????:1945-1994 ????: ?????????,?????????? 1960????????????,???????????????,????????????? ???????????????,??????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????: ????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    17. ????????? ??????????????,??????????????? ??????????????,???????????????? ??????????,??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????

    18. ???????????-1 Simon(1994)???????????????????? 1.?????:??????,????????????????????,?????????????? 2.?????:????????,??????????????????,??????????????,????????????????? ??????????? 1.?????????? 2.????????????,?????????

    19. ???? 1.??????????;???????? 2.???? (1)?Marshall(1950)??????????????,???????????,????????????????? (2)Lee(1994)?????????????????????,????????????,???????????

    20. (3)Gutierrez?Parsons?Cox(1998)???????????: a.??????????? b.????????? c.??????????,??????????? d.?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????

    21. ????? 1.Payne(1991)??,???????????????????????????????? 2.Saleeby??????????????????: (1) ??????,?????????,???????????? (2)???????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

    22. ???(1999) ???????????? ???????????????????,???????????????,???????????????,????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????

    23. ??????????????????????;????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????,??????? ?????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????

    24. ?????????? ??????????,??????? ??????,??????????? ???????????(Negative Self-image and Self-esteem) ???????(Sense of Powerlessness) ??????(Inspiring Hope)(Miller, 1992) ????????(Self Efficacy) ?????????(Internal Locus of Control) (???????,1999) ??????????(Expand their Choices) (Nelson, Ochocka, Griffin & Lord, 1998),

    25. ?????????,?????????????? (Nelson, et al., 1998)???????,?????????????????????(Cox & Parsons, 1994)? ????????;???????????????????????,?????????????????(Dodd & Gutierrez, 1990, pp68)? ?????????????,???????????,????????????????,???????,???????????????????????(DuBois & Miley, 1999)? ?????????????,????????,????????????????????(Yip, 1992)?

    26. ????????,???????????,????,?????????(empowerment of women)? ???????,????????????,?????????????????,????????????????,???????????? ?????????,??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????

    27. ??????? ????????????,????????,???????????? 1.Freire(1973)????????,????????????????????????,??????????????? 2.Rappaport(1987)????????????????,????????????????????????????????? 3.Gutierrez(1990)????????????????????????????????;???????????????????????????

    28. ????????? 1.Parsons(1989)????????????????????????????? 2.Simon(1994)?????????????????? (1)?????? (2)???????????????? (3)?????????????,?????????????????? (4)????????????????????????

    29. ????? Torre(1995)???????????????????????????? 1.???????????????????????? 2.?????????????????? 3.??????,????????????????????????

    30. ??????? ????????????, ???????????,?????????

    31. ???????-???? 1.????????????????????,??Addams?Richmond?????????????????????????,???????????????????? 2.????????????,?????????????????????????????????;?????????????????????????????,????????????

    32. ???????-???? 1.???????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????? 2?????????????????????????,??????????????? 3.????,????????????,???????????????

    33. Solomon(1996)??????????? (1)?????????????????? (2)?????????????????????? (3)?????????????????????,??????? (4)????????????????????

    34. ????? 1. ??????:?????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????? 2.????: (1)?????? (2)??????????? (3)?????????????

    35. ???????????,????????????????? ----???????????????? ??????????????,????????????????????????; ????,??????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????? ??:???????????:????,???????? ??????:???????????? ????????:????????????,?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????

    36. ?????????????,???????????????????,????? ??????????????,????,???????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????,????????????? ?????????????????,????????????????? ?????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????

    37. ???(1999)????????Mullaly?????????, ???????????????: 1.????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????? 2.??????????,?????????????? 3.????????????????????????,?????????????

    38. 4.??????????????,????????????????????? 5.??????????????????????????????? 6.?????????????????????,??????????? ??? (1999):<????:??????????>,??«??????»,???,??????:??????

    39. ????? 1.????????????? 2.???????? 3.??????????????????????,????? 4.?????? ???????????,????????? ?????????????????????

    40. ???????--??????? ???????(Collaborative)--??????????????????(alliance)??????,?????????????????????? ????????????????—???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????,??????????????,???????

    41. ???????--??????? ??????,??????????????? ????????,???????????? ???????,?????????,???????? ????????,????????,???????????

    42. ???????—???? ?????-- ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

    43. Rose(1990) :???????????? 1.?????(contextualisation):?????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,??????????? 2.??(empowerment):??????????????,??????,???????,???????????,????????????????????? 3.???(collectivity):??????????,???????????,?????????

    44. ???????—????????? 1.????:?????????? ????:???????????????????????? 2.????:????????? ????:??????????????????????? ????:??????????

    45. 3.???? ????:????? ????:?????????????????? 4.???? ????:???????????? ????:????????

    46. 2.??????(Lee/1994) (1)???? (2)???? (3)????????? (4)???? (5)??????? (6)???????? (7)???????????? (8)?????????? (9)????? (10)???????????

    47. ??(ADVOCACY)???: ?????????? ??????,???????????, ????????????????????,??????,????????????? ????: ????(case advocacy)?????????????????,???????????? ????(cause advocacy)????????,???????,???????????????? ??????( principled advocacy)??????????????????????

    48. ??????????,???????????????,??????,?????????????? ????,???????,?????????

    49. ?????????? ???? ???? ????????

    53. ?????? ????????????,????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????????

    54. ????????????????? ??? ?/??????????????????,??????????????? ; ??? ?/???????,???????,??????? ????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,??/?????????(Powerlessness)?

    55. ???,?????? ????????(Blaming the Victim)????????????,??????????????/??????(Disempowerment)??????? ?/???????????????,?????????,??????????????????

    56. ???????????????,????????(Share With Power )? ????,?????????— ????,??????????????????,????????????????????????

    57. ??????????????????????????? ????????????(????????)?? ? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????

    58. ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????(?) ????????????????? ????????????????

    59. ????? ????????????????????,?????????????????????????? ????????????,????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????

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