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Web Servers

Web Servers. Who’s running the show? What are they? The big two:. Popular Web Servers. Apache. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_web_server We’re number one!. Apache. Apache HTTP Server , referred to simply as Apache: A web server

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Web Servers

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  1. Web Servers

  2. Who’s running the show? What are they? The big two: Popular Web Servers

  3. Apache http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_web_server We’re number one!

  4. Apache • Apache HTTP Server, referred to simply as Apache: • A web server • Notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web • Apache • First viable alternative to Netscape Communications Corporation web server • Currently known as Sun Java System Web Server • Evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers • Functionality and performance • Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server on the World Wide Web • September 2007: Apache served 50% of all websites

  5. Apache • Project's name was chosen for two reasons: • Respect for the Native American Indian Apache tribe • Well-known for their endurance and their skills in warfare • Project's root is a set of patches to the codebase of NCSA HTTPd 1.3 • Making it "a patchy" server • Apache is developed and maintained by • Open community of developers • Under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation • Available for a wide variety of OSs • Microsoft Windows • Novell NetWare • Unix-like operating systems • e.g. Linux and Mac OS X • z-OS (IBM mainframe) • and more… • Released under the Apache License • Apache is free software / open source software.

  6. Apache History

  7. History • First version of the Apache web server created by Robert McCool • Heavily involved with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications web server • Known simply as NCSA HTTPd • When Rob left NCSA in mid-1994 • Development of httpd stalled • Left a variety of patches for improvements circulating through e-mails • Rob McCool was not alone in his efforts • Several other developers helped form the original "Apache Group": • Brian Behlendorf, Roy T. Fielding, Rob Hartill, David Robinson, Cliff Skol nick, Randy Terbush, Robert S. Thau, Andrew Wilson, Eric Hagberg, Frank Peters, and Nicolas Pioch

  8. History • Version 2 of the Apache server was a substantial re-write of much of the Apache 1.x code • Strong focus on further modularization and the development of a portability layer, the Apache Portable Runtime • Apache 2.x core - several major enhancements over Apache 1.x: • UNIX threading • Better support for non-Unix platforms • New Apache API • IPv6 support • First alpha release of Apache March 2, 2000 • First general availability release on April 6, 2002 • Version 2.2 introduced a new authorization API that allows for more flexibility • Also features improved cache modules and proxy modules

  9. Features

  10. Features • Apache supports a variety of features • Many implemented as compiled modules • Extend the core functionality • Range from: • server-side programming language support - to - • authentication schemes • Common language interfaces support • mod_perl, mod_python, Tcl, and PHP • Popular authentication modules include • mod_access, mod_auth, and mod_digest

  11. Features • Other features include: • SSL and TLS support • mod_ssl • A proxy module • A useful URL rewriter • AKA a rewrite engine, implemented under mod_rewrite • Custom log files • mod_log_config • Filtering support • mod_include • mod_ext_filter • Apache logs can be analyzed • via web browsers with free scripts • AWStats/W3Perl • Visitors

  12. Features • Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites • For example, one machine, with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve: • www.example.com • www.test.com • test47.test-server.test.com • And more… • Apache features • Configurable error messages • DBMS-based authentication databases • Content negotiation • Also supported by several graphical user interfaces (GUIs) • Permit easier, more intuitive configuration of the server

  13. Usage

  14. Usage • Apache is the Web server component of the popular XAMPP Web server application stack • Partners • OS • Linux - LAMPP • Windows - WAMPP • Mac OS X - MAMPP • Web Server • Apache • Database • MySQL • MariaDB • Programing Language • PHP • Perl • Python

  15. Usage • Apache can serve both static content and dynamic Web pages • Many web applications are designed expecting the environment and features that Apache provides

  16. Usage • Apache is redistributed as part of various proprietary software packages including the • Oracle Database • IBM WebSphere application server • Mac OS X integrates Apache • Its built-in web server • Support for its WebObjects application server • It is also supported by Borland • Kylix and Delphi development tools

  17. Usage • Apache used for many tasks where content needs to be available in a secure and reliable way • Sharing files from a personal computer over the Internet • User who has Apache installed on their desktop can put arbitrary files in the Apache's document root which can then be shared • Programmers developing web applications • Locally installed version of Apache • Preview and test code as it is being developed

  18. License

  19. License • Software license • From the Apache Foundation • Distinctive part of the Apache HTTP Server's history • Apache License allows distribution of both open and closed source derivations of the source code • Free Software Foundation does not consider the Apache License to be compatible with version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) • Software licensed under the Apache License cannot be integrated with software that is distributed under the GPL

  20. License • Free software license: • Incompatible with the GPL • Has a specific requirement that is not in the GPL • Has certain patent termination cases that the GPL does not require • Version 3 of the GPL includes a provision • (Section 7e) allows it to be compatible with licenses that have patent retaliation clauses, including the Apache License • Apache is a registered trademark • May only be used with the trademark holder's express permission

  21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIS We’re # 2… Microsoft IIS

  22. IIS • Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) • Formerly called Internet Information Server • Set of Internet-based services for servers using Microsoft Windows • World's second most popular web server in terms of overall websites • July 2010: it served 25.87% of all websites and 36.63% of all active websites (Netcraft) • IIS Services currently include servers for: • FTP • SMTP • NTP • NNTP • HTTP/HTTPS

  23. History of IIS • Initially released as additional set of Internet based services for Windows NT 3.51 • Has gone through a series of enhancements as Windows changed

  24. History of IIS • Current shipping versions of IIS: • 10 • Windows Server 2016 • Windows 10 • 8.5 • Windows Server 21012 R2 • Windows 8.1 • 8.0 • Windows Server 2012 • Windows 8 • 7.5 • Windows 7 • Windows Server 2008 R2 • 7.0 • Windows Vista • Windows Server 2008

  25. History of IIS • Windows Vista and 7 do not install IIS by default • Can be selected among the list of optionally installed components • IIS 7.0 on Vista does not limit the number of connections allowed • Restricts performance based on active concurrent requests

  26. Security

  27. Security • Early versions of IIS had many vulnerabilities • Chief among them CA-2001-19 • Led to the infamous Code Red worm

  28. Security • IIS 7.0 the components were modularized • Only the required components need be installed • Further reducing the attack surface • Security features such asURLFiltering were added • Rejects suspicious URLs based on a user defined rule set

  29. Authentication mechanisms

  30. Authentication mechanisms • IIS 5.0 and higher support the following authentication mechanisms: • Basic access authentication • Digest access authentication • Integrated Windows Authentication • .NET Passport Authentication

  31. Internet Information Services 7.0

  32. Internet Information Services 7.0 • Debuted with Windows Vista • Included in Windows Server 2008 • IIS 7.0 features a modular architecture • Instead of a monolithic server which features all services • IIS 7 has a core web server engine • Modules offering specific functionality can be added to the engine to enable its features • Advantages • Only the features required need be enabled • The functionalities can be extended by using custom modules

  33. Internet Information Services 7.0 • IIS 7 ships with a handful of modules • Microsoft will make other modules available online • Following sets of modules ship with the server: • HTTP Modules • Security Modules • Content Modules • Compression Modules • Caching Modules • Logging and Diagnostics Modules • Integrates with the new configuration store • New management environment

  34. Internet Information Services 7.0 • Significant change from previous versions: • All web server configuration information is stored solely in XML configuration files • Instead of in the metabase • Server has a global configuration file • Provides defaults • Each virtual web's document root (and any subdirectory thereof) may contain a web.config • Containing settings that augment or override the defaults

  35. Internet Information Services 7.0 • Changes to these files take effect immediately • Marks a significant departure from previous versions whereby web interfaces, or machine administrator access, were required to change simple settings such as default document, active modules and security/authentication • Eliminates the need to perform metabase synchronization between multiple servers in a farm of web servers

  36. Internet Information Services 7.0 • Features a completely rewritten administration interface • Takes advantage of modern MMC features such as • Task panes • Asynchronous operation • Configuration of ASP.NET is more fully integrated into the administrative interface.

  37. nginx

  38. nginx • NGINX Plus is the web server, reinvented • World’s most popular open source web server for high-traffic websites • NGINX Plus adds enterprise-ready features • load balancing • session persistence • monitoring • advanced management

  39. nginx • High-performance HTTP Server • Delivers web and video assets with • Unparalleled speed • Maximizing performance and efficiency • Web Accelerator • Provides SSL and SPDY acceleration • HTTP connection optimization • High-performance caching • HTTP compression • Application Gateway • PHP, Ruby, Java and other application types supported • Supports FastCGI, uWSGI and HTTP Proxy interfaces • Load Balancer and Application Delivery solution • Gives • reliability • control • consistent performance for HTTP and TCP applications.

  40. The "spiel" • The following from • http://nginx.com/products/?_bt=66902162345&_bk=nginx&_bm=b&gclid=CNy26dbm5MMCFWRk7AodWwoAXw

  41. Capability • Future-proof, IPv6-ready reverse proxy with: • Load balancing • High availability • For: • HTTP and TCP services • Application request routing • Content acceleration and caching

  42. Predictability • Works predictably, without spikes, on: • Low power chipsets • Virtual machines with limited RAM • Eliminate unexpected issues with operations • Reduce infrastructure costs

  43. Simplicity • Flexible, logical, easily scalable setup • Ten lines of directives enable: • Load balancing - or - • Static content delivery • Don’t waste engineering hours on tweaking unreadable configurations

  44. nginx • Virtualized • Built to optimize CPU and memory resource utilization. • Extremely efficient in virtualized public and private cloud environments • Pay less, get more

  45. nginx • Automation • Easily automated with tools like Puppet and Chef • Can be managed by independent development teams • Shift engineering focus from maintenance to innovation

  46. Scalability and Performance • Serves • Million users or more per server • Tens of thousands of requests per second • Best in class multi-tenancy for virtual hosts • Easily scales for unparalleled efficiency

  47. Summary

  48. Summary • Concentrated on HTTP servers • Apache and IIS are the main web serving tools • Apache still king • IIS Up and down, wandering • Nginx is a rising contender • Usage tracked • Netcraft Web Server Survey

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