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Computer Fundamentals: Preep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Fundamentals: Preep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha. Ref Page. Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers. Slide 1/17. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: § Computer § Data processing

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Computer Fundamentals: Preep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

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  1. ComputerFundamentals:PreepK.Sinha&PritiSinha RefPage Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide1/17

  2. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha LearningObjectives Inthischapteryouwilllearnabout: §Computer §Dataprocessing §Characteristicfeaturesofcomputers §Computers’evolutiontotheirpresentform §Computergenerations §Characteristicfeaturesofeachcomputergeneration RefPage01 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide2/17

  3. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha Computer §Thewordcomputercomesfromtheword“compute”, whichmeans,“tocalculate” §Thereby,acomputerisanelectronicdevicethatcan performarithmeticoperationsathighspeed §Acomputerisalsocalledadataprocessorbecauseitcan store,process,andretrievedatawheneverdesired RefPage01 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide3/17

  4. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha DataProcessing Theactivityofprocessingdatausingacomputeriscalled dataprocessing Data CaptureData ManipulateData OutputResults Information Dataisrawmaterialusedasinputandinformationis processeddataobtainedasoutputofdataprocessing RefPage01 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide4/17

  5. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha CharacteristicsofComputers 1)Automatic:Givenajob,computercanworkonit automaticallywithouthumaninterventions 2)Speed:Computercanperformdataprocessingjobs veryfast,usuallymeasuredinmicroseconds(10-6), nanoseconds(10-9),andpicoseconds(10-12) 3)Accuracy:Accuracyofacomputerisconsistentlyhigh andthedegreeofitsaccuracydependsuponitsdesign. Computererrorscausedduetoincorrectinputdataor unreliableprogramsareoftenreferredtoasGarbage- In-Garbage-Out(GIGO) (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage02 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide5/17

  6. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha CharacteristicsofComputers (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) 4)Diligence:Computerisfreefrommonotony,tiredness, andlackofconcentration.Itcancontinuouslyworkfor hourswithoutcreatinganyerrorandwithoutgrumbling 5)Versatility:Computeriscapableofperformingalmost anytask,ifthetaskcanbereducedtoafiniteseriesof logicalsteps 6)PowerofRemembering:Computercanstoreand recallanyamountofinformationbecauseofits secondarystoragecapability.Itforgetsorloosescertain informationonlywhenitisaskedtodoso (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage02 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide6/17

  7. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha CharacteristicsofComputers (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) 7)NoI.Q.:Acomputerdoesonlywhatitisprogrammed todo.Itcannottakeitsowndecisioninthisregard 8)NoFeelings:Computersaredevoidofemotions.Their judgementisbasedontheinstructionsgiventothemin theformofprogramsthatarewrittenbyus(human beings) (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide7/17

  8. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha EvolutionofComputers §BlaisePascalinventedthefirstmechanicaladding machinein1642 §BaronGottfriedWilhelmvonLeibnizinventedthefirst calculatorformultiplicationin1671 §KeyboardmachinesoriginatedintheUnitedStates around1880 §Around1880,HermanHollerithcameupwiththeconcept ofpunchedcardsthatwereextensivelyusedasinput mediauntillate1970s RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide8/17

  9. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha EvolutionofComputers (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) §CharlesBabbageisconsideredtobethefatherof moderndigitalcomputers § § § Hedesigned“DifferenceEngine”in1822 Hedesignedafullyautomaticanalyticalenginein 1842forperformingbasicarithmeticfunctions Hiseffortsestablishedanumberofprinciplesthat arefundamentaltothedesignofanydigital computer (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide9/17

  10. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha SomeWellKnownEarlyComputers §TheMarkIComputer(1937-44) §TheAtanasoff-BerryComputer(1939-42) §TheENIAC(1943-46) §TheEDVAC(1946-52) §TheEDSAC(1947-49) §ManchesterMarkI(1948) §TheUNIVACI(1951) RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide10/17

  11. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ComputerGenerations §“Generation”incomputertalkisastepintechnology.It providesaframeworkforthegrowthofcomputerindustry §Originallyitwasusedtodistinguishbetweenvarious hardwaretechnologies,butnowithasbeenextendedto includebothhardwareandsoftware §Tilltoday,therearefivecomputergenerations (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage05 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide11/17

  12. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ComputerGenerations (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage13 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide12/17

  13. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ComputerGenerations (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage13 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide13/17

  14. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ComputerGenerations (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) (Continuedonnextslide) RefPage13 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide14/17

  15. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ComputerGenerations (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) RefPage13 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide15/17

  16. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha Ref.Page Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide1/16

  17. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha LearningObjectives Inthischapteryouwilllearnabout: §Basicoperationsperformedbyalltypesofcomputer systems §Basicorganizationofacomputersystem §Inputunitanditsfunctions §Outputunitanditsfunctions §Storageunitanditsfunctions §Typesofstorageusedinacomputersystem (Continuedonnextslide) Ref.Page15 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide2/16

  18. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha LearningObjectives (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) §ArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU) §ControlUnit(CU) §CentralProcessingUnit(CPU) §Computerasasystem Ref.Page15 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide3/16

  19. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TheFiveBasicOperationsofaComputerSystem §Inputting.Theprocessofenteringdataandinstructions intothecomputersystem §Storing.Savingdataandinstructionstomakethem readilyavailableforinitialoradditionalprocessing wheneverrequired §Processing.Performingarithmeticoperations(add, subtract,multiply,divide,etc.)orlogicaloperations (comparisonslikeequalto,lessthan,greaterthan,etc.) ondatatoconvertthemintousefulinformation (Continuedonnextslide) Ref.Page15 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide4/16

  20. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TheFiveBasicOperationsofaComputerSystem §Outputting.Theprocessofproducingusefulinformation orresultsfortheusersuchasaprintedreportorvisual display §Controlling.Directingthemannerandsequenceinwhich alloftheaboveoperationsareperformed Ref.Page15 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide5/16

  21. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha BasicOrganizationofaComputerSystem StorageUnit Secondary Storage Information (Results) Program and Data Input Unit Output Unit Primary Storage Control Unit Indicatesflowof instructionsanddata Arithmetic LogicUnit CentralProcessingUnit(CPU) Indicatesthecontrol exercisedbythe controlunit Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide6/16

  22. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha InputUnit Aninputunitofacomputersystemperformsthe followingfunctions: 1.Itaccepts(orreads)instructionsanddatafromoutside world 2.Itconvertstheseinstructionsanddataincomputer acceptableform 3.Itsuppliestheconvertedinstructionsanddatatothe computersystemforfurtherprocessing Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide7/16

  23. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha OutputUnit Anoutputunitofacomputersystemperformsthe followingfunctions: 1.Itacceptstheresultsproducedbythecomputer,which areincodedformandhence,cannotbeeasily understoodbyus 2.Itconvertsthesecodedresultstohumanacceptable (readable)form 3.Itsuppliestheconvertedresultstooutsideworld Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide8/16

  24. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha StorageUnit Thestorageunitofacomputersystemholds(orstores) thefollowing: 1.Dataandinstructionsrequiredforprocessing(received frominputdevices) 2.Intermediateresultsofprocessing 3.Finalresultsofprocessing,beforetheyarereleasedto anoutputdevice Ref.Page17 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide9/16

  25. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TwoTypesofStorage §Primarystorage §Usedtoholdrunningprograminstructions §Usedtoholddata,intermediateresults,and resultsofongoingprocessingofjob(s) §Fastinoperation §SmallCapacity §Expensive §Volatile(loosesdataonpowerdissipation) (Continuedonnextslide) Ref.Page17 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide10/16

  26. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha BasicOrganizationofaComputerSystem StorageUnit Secondary Storage Information (Results) Program and Data Input Unit Output Unit Primary Storage Control Unit Indicatesflowof instructionsanddata Arithmetic LogicUnit CentralProcessingUnit(CPU) Indicatesthecontrol exercisedbythe controlunit Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide6/16

  27. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha InputUnit Aninputunitofacomputersystemperformsthe followingfunctions: 1.Itaccepts(orreads)instructionsanddatafromoutside world 2.Itconvertstheseinstructionsanddataincomputer acceptableform 3.Itsuppliestheconvertedinstructionsanddatatothe computersystemforfurtherprocessing Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide7/16

  28. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha OutputUnit Anoutputunitofacomputersystemperformsthe followingfunctions: 1.Itacceptstheresultsproducedbythecomputer,which areincodedformandhence,cannotbeeasily understoodbyus 2.Itconvertsthesecodedresultstohumanacceptable (readable)form 3.Itsuppliestheconvertedresultstooutsideworld Ref.Page16 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide8/16

  29. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha StorageUnit Thestorageunitofacomputersystemholds(orstores) thefollowing: 1.Dataandinstructionsrequiredforprocessing(received frominputdevices) 2.Intermediateresultsofprocessing 3.Finalresultsofprocessing,beforetheyarereleasedto anoutputdevice Ref.Page17 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide9/16

  30. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TwoTypesofStorage §Primarystorage §Usedtoholdrunningprograminstructions §Usedtoholddata,intermediateresults,and resultsofongoingprocessingofjob(s) §Fastinoperation §SmallCapacity §Expensive §Volatile(loosesdataonpowerdissipation) (Continuedonnextslide) Ref.Page17 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide10/16

  31. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TwoTypesofStorage (Continuedfrompreviousslide..) §Secondarystorage §Usedtoholdstoredprograminstructions §Usedtoholddataandinformationofstoredjobs §Slowerthanprimarystorage §LargeCapacity §Lotcheaperthatprimarystorage §Retainsdataevenwithoutpower Ref.Page17 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide11/16

  32. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU) ArithmeticLogicUnitofacomputersystemistheplace wheretheactualexecutionsofinstructionstakesplaceduring processingoperation Ref.Page18 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide12/16

  33. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha ControlUnit(CU) ControlUnitofacomputersystemmanagesandcoordinates theoperationsofallothercomponentsofthecomputer system Ref.Page18 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide13/16

  34. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha CentralProcessingUnit(CPU) Central Processing Unit(CPU) Arithmetic LogicUnit (ALU) ControlUnit (CU) = + §Itisthebrainofacomputersystem §Itisresponsibleforcontrollingtheoperationsof allotherunitsofacomputersystem Ref.Page18 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide14/16

  35. ComputerFundamentals:PradeepK.Sinha&PritiSinha TheSystemConcept Asystemhasfollowingthreecharacteristics: 1.Asystemhasmorethanoneelement 2.Allelementsofasystemarelogicallyrelated 3.Allelementsofasystemarecontrolledinamannerto achievethesystemgoal Acomputerisasystemasitcomprisesofintegrated components(inputunit,outputunit,storageunit,andCPU) thatworktogethertoperformthestepscalledforinthe executingprogram Ref.Page18 Chapter2:BasicComputerOrganization Slide15/16

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