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Digital Fundamentals

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of computer fundamentals, focusing on core components such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, storage, and input/output ports. It explores microprocessors, detailing their basic operations, programming models, and the architecture of notable processors like the Pentium. The chapter covers various levels of programming languages and types of instructions essential for computer programming, along with concepts of interrupt handling and system interfacing using standard buses. Gain insight into the essential components that drive computer systems and their interactions.

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Digital Fundamentals

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  1. Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER 12Introduction to Computers

  2. The Basic Computer

  3. The Basic Computer • Central processing unit (CPU) • Memories and storage • Input/output ports • Buses

  4. The Computer System • Central processing unit (CPU) • Memories and storage • Input/output ports • Buses

  5. The Computer System

  6. Microprocessors

  7. Microprocessors • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Instruction decoder (normally part of the ALU) • Register array • Control Unit

  8. Microprocessors Basic Operations • Perform arithmetic and logic operations • Move data between memory locations and input/output ports • Make decisions and act accordingly

  9. Microprocessors • Programming Operations • Data transfer • Arithmetic and logic • Bit manipulation • Loops and jumps • Strings • Subroutines and interrupts • Control

  10. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor

  11. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Basic operation • Fetch an instruction from memory • Decode the instruction • Execute the instruction

  12. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • 8086/8088 Architecture • Bus interface unit (BIU) • Execution unit(EU)

  13. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Bus Interface Unit (BIU) • Instruction pointer (IP) • Instruction queue • Segment registers • CS • DS • SS • ES

  14. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Execution Unit (EU) • ALU • General registers • Data set • Accumulator (AH, AL) • Base index (BH, BL) • Count (CH, CL) • Data (DH, DL) • Pointer and index set • Stack pointer (SP) • Base pointer (BP) • Destination index (DI) • Source index (SI) • Flags

  15. Computer Programming

  16. Computer Programming • Levels of programming languages • Types of instructions

  17. Computer Programming • Levels of Programming Languages • Computer hardware • Machine language • Assembly language • High-level language

  18. Computer Programming • Types of Instructions • Data transfer • Arithmetic • Bit manipulation • Loops and jumps • Strings • Subroutines and interrupts • Processor control

  19. Interrupts

  20. Interrupts • Polled I/O • Interrupt-driven I/O • Software interrupt

  21. Internal System Interfacing

  22. Internal System Interfacing • Multiplexed buses • Bus signals • Tristate buffers • Bus contention • Multiplexed buses

  23. Standard Buses

  24. Standard Buses • Internal buses • External buses • Serial I/O interface buses • Parallel I/O interface buses

  25. Standard Buses • Serial I/O interface buses • RS-232C • IEEE 1394 • Universal serial bus (USB)

  26. Standard Buses • Parallel I/O interface buses • IEEE 488 (GPIB) • Small computer system interface (SCSI)

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