Title: Chapter 14 Diagram Booklet Draw, label, and color:

1. Title: Chapter 14 Diagram BookletDraw, label, and color: • Fig. 14.2 p. 372 • Fig. 14.3 p. 373 • Fig. 14.9 p. 379 • Fig. 14.11 p. 381 • Fig. 14.12 p. 382 • Fig. 14.15 p. 385

2. The Origin of Life 14.2 Discussion Notes

3. Origins: The Early Ideas • Spontaneous Generation: the idea that nonliving material can produce life.

4. Disproving Spontaneous Generation • Francesco Redi: completed an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation in large organisms • Louis Pasteur: completed an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation in microorganisms

5. Redi’s Experiment • He placed raw meat in jars. • He left some jars uncovered and he covered some jars with cloth. • Flies could not get to the meat in covered jars • Only the jars left uncovered grew maggots • Proving the maggots did not grow from meat.

6. Redi’s Experiment Maggots No Maggots

7. Pasteur’s Experiment • Set up an experiment in which air could reach the broth, but not microorganisms • Nothing grew in the broth • He tipped the jar allow microorganisms to enter, and they grew in the broth.

8. Pasteur’s Experiment Nothing Grew Something Grew

9. Origins: The Modern Ideas • Biogenesis: the idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms • No one has yet proven scientifically how life on Earth began. • However, there are many theories about the beginning of life.

10. Simple Organic Molecules • For life to have begun: • Simple organic molecules with carbon must have formed • Molecules organized into complex organic molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids

11. Important Scientists • Alexander Oparin: Hypothesized that life began in the oceans • Miller & Urey: tested Oparin’s hypothesis, were able to make simple organic molecules.

12. Formation of Protocells • Protocell: a large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane that carriers out some life functions. • Sidney Fox: completed an experiment in which he made protocells

13. The first true cells • Anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes: did not use oxygen, did not make food, no membrane bound organelles • Once the food supply was diminished, autotrophs evolved.

14. Archaebacteria: first autotrophs, live in harsh environments • Photosynthesizing prokaryotes then evolved and supplied the atmosphere with oxygen. • Also lead to the ozone layer being made. • Allowing more complex eukaryotes to evolve

15. Endosymbiont Theory • Proposed by Lynn Margulis • States that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between two prokaryotes

16. Evidence for Theory • Cyanobacteria resemble chloroplast found in eukaryotic cells • Chloroplast and Mitochondria have their own DNA • Chloroplast and Mitochondria have their own ribosomes

17. Endosymbiont Theory