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Outline. Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Extinction Rates Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity.

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Outline

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  1. Conservation Biology

  2. Outline • Conservation Biology & Biodiversity • Extinction Rates • Value of Biodiversity • Direct Value • Indirect Value • Causes of Extinction • Habitat Loss • Alien Species • Pollution • Overexploitation • Conservation Techniques

  3. Conservation Biologyand Biodiversity • Considers all aspects of biodiversity • General goal is conserving natural resources for this and future generations • Primary goal is the management of biodiversity for sustainable use by humans

  4. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity • Conservation biology supports certain ethical principles • Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere • Extinctions due to human actions are undesirable • Ecosystem interactions supporting biodiversity are desirable • Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary change has value in and of itself

  5. Biodiversity • At its simplest level, biodiversity is the variety of species on Earth • Estimated that between 5 and 15 million species currently exist • Genetic diversity refers to variations among the members of a population • Community diversity increases biodiversity • Landscape diversity involves a group of interacting ecosystems

  6. Number of Described Species

  7. Biodiversity • Biodiversity hotspots • Contain about 20% of earth’s species • Represent only about 1% of earth’s land area

  8. Eagles and Bears Feed on Spawning Salmon

  9. Value of Biodiversity • Direct Value • Medicinal Value • Agricultural Value • Crops • Biological Pest Controls • Pollinators • Consumptive Use Value • Wood • Skins

  10. Direct Value of Wildlife

  11. Value of Biodiversity • Indirect Value • Biogeochemical Cycles • Waste Disposal • Provision of Fresh Water • Prevention of Soil Erosion • Regulation of Climate • Ecotourism

  12. Indirect Value of Ecosystems

  13. Causes of Extinction • Habitat Loss • Occurs in all ecosystems • Recent concern focused on tropical rain forests and coral reefs • Habitat Fragmentation

  14. Habitat Loss

  15. Alien Species • Nonnative species that move, or are moved, into a new ecosystem • Often have competitive edge against native species • Avenues of Human Introduction • Colonization • Horticulture and Agriculture • Accidental Transport

  16. Alien Species

  17. Pollution • Any environmental change that adversely affects living things • Acid Deposition • Eutrophication • Ozone Depletion • Organic Chemicals • Global Warming

  18. Global Warming

  19. Overexploitation • When the harvest is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers • The market forces driving the harvest: • Exotic Pets • Hunting / Poaching • Over-Harvesting Fisheries

  20. Trawling

  21. Conservation Techniques • Habitat Preservation • Keystone Species • Metapopulations • Small populations isolated because of habitat fragmentation • Source Populations • Sink Populations

  22. Habitat Preservation

  23. Conservation Techniques • Landscape Preservation • Landscape protection for one species benefits other wildlife in the same space • Edge Effect • The edge around a patch of habitat has conditions different from the patch interior • Edge does not count as effective habitat for species requiring the conditions of the interior

  24. Edge Effect

  25. Conservation Techniques • Computer Analyses • Gap Analysis • Find gaps in preservation efforts • Try to identify areas where biodiversity is high outside of currently preserved areas • Population Viability Analysis • Determine how much habitat a species requires to maintain itself

  26. Conservation Techniques • Habitat Restoration - Three Principles • Begin as soon as possible before remaining fragments are lost • Once natural history is understood, use biological techniques to mimic natural processes • Goal is sustainable usage

  27. Restoration of the Everglades

  28. Review • Conservation Biology & Biodiversity • Extinction Rates • Value of Biodiversity • Direct Value • Indirect Value • Causes of Extinction • Habitat Loss • Alien Species • Pollution • Overexploitation • Conservation Techniques

  29. Conservation Biology

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