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PARA INFLUENZAE VIRUS

PARA INFLUENZAE VIRUS. By Bryan Ikeudenta MD3 #1223. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION TYPES CLINICAL SIGNIFIGANCE TRANSMISSION DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PREVENTION COMPLICATIONS.

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PARA INFLUENZAE VIRUS

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  1. PARA INFLUENZAE VIRUS By Bryan Ikeudenta MD3 #1223

  2. TABLE OF CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • TYPES • CLINICAL SIGNIFIGANCE • TRANSMISSION • DIAGNOSIS • TREATMENT • PREVENTION • COMPLICATIONS

  3. Human parainfluenza viruses are the etiologic agents causing human parainfluenza. hPIV’s are a group of 4 distinct serotypes of enveloped single stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxovirus family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and animal disease. They are about 150-250nm in size and composed of negative sense RNA with a genome consiting of 15000 nucleotides.

  4. TYPES • The human parainfluenza virus is divided into 4 distinct serotypes based on antigenic and genetic characteristics; • Human parainfluenza virus type 1 • Human parainfluenza virus type 2 • Human parainfluenza virus type 3 • Human parainfluenza virus type 4 which includes subtypes 4a and 4b.

  5. Human parainfluenza virus is closely related to a recently formed virus grouping known as Megamyxoviruses (Hendra and Nipah) and closed linked to the metapnuemovirus. hPIV is also divided into 2 genera; • Respirovirus which contains type 1 and 3 • Rubalavirus which contains type 2 and 4

  6. Clinical signifIGANCE • hPIV type 1 and hPIV type 2 and hPIV type 3 are associated with lower respiratory infections in newly born children from 6months of age to 48months. Upper respiratory infections are also caused by hPIV’s but to a lower extent. The highest rated of serious hPIV’s illnesses occur among young children and about 75% of children aged 5 or older have antibodies to HPIV-1.

  7. The incubation period for all serotypes is about 1 to 7 days. hPIV type 1 and type 2 have been demonstrated to be the primary causative agent behind croup. Croup is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis and is characterised by inflammation of the upper airway and is mainly problematic in children aged 6-48months of age. The symptoms of croup include;

  8. Persistent cough that sounds like a barking dog • Rasping noise upon inhalation known as a stridor. • Difficulty breathing • Central cyanosis, and high fever • Tachycardia • Increased fatigue and or lethargy • Sudden deterioration and syncopy

  9. The bodies primary defense agaisnthPIV infection is humoral immunity. This is mainly directed agaisnt surface proteins which can be found on the virus. In particular the proteins HN and F prove to be most immunogenic. Individuals with defective adaptive immunity are at a higher risk of severe infection.

  10. transmission • HPIV’s are spread person to person by contact with infected secretions through respiratory droplets of contaminated surfaces or objects. Infection can occur when infectious material contacts mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose or by sneezing and cough. HPIV’s can remain infectious in airborne droplets for over and hour

  11. DIAGNOSIS • The diagnosis of hPIV can be made in several ways which include; • Isolation and detection of the virus in cell culture • Polymerase chain reaction • Detection of viral antigens within bodily respiratory tract secretions using immuniflorescence, and enzyme immunoassays • In differentiating between the different serotypes, hemaagglutination assay or hemaadsorption inhibition can be used.

  12. TREATMENT • Ribavirin is one medication which shows good potential for treatment of hPIV-3 in vitro testing. It is a broadscale anti-viral and is currently used in individuals which have sever immunodepression. • Antibiotics and corticosteriods maybe used if a secondary bacterial infections ensues and also to block inflammatory processes. • A nebulizer can be used to help open the airway and improve breathing

  13. Prevention • Currently there are no vaccines for the serotypes of hPIV. The only preventive methods to avoid infection is to isolate infected individuals, avoid contact with them and use of good personal hygiene ie washing hands after contact with people, toilet etc.

  14. COMplications • In severe immunocompromised individuals, it can cause severe pneumonia and respiratory distress. Other complicatons include; • Exacerbation of nephritic syndrome and renal failure, febrile seizures, meningitis and GullianBarre Syndrome.

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