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Exploring Earth's Water: Oceans and Seas

Delve into Earth's water budget and the properties of seawater, including salinity and dissolved components. Discover the importance of the ocean in maintaining Earth's temperature and its role as a carbon sink.

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Exploring Earth's Water: Oceans and Seas

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  1. Oceans and the Sea Or: Water, water everywhere, nor any drop to drink…

  2. How much water is there? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKOmNGEi0DY • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxF-PdnecXw

  3. How much water is there? • 332,500,000 cubic miles all told. • That’s a sphere 860 miles in diameter (USGS)

  4. Creating a water budget • In the next several slides we will create what is known as a water budget. This will help us account for all of the water on Earth.

  5. Where is all of that water? • Lets list some places where we find water…

  6. Water budget • Create a “T” chart on the page in your notes. It will need to be about 9-10 lines tall and full width on your page.

  7. Water budget Location Percentage Oceans 96.5% Saline lakes and g.w. About 1% Fresh water 2.5% Numbers below are % of the fresh water. Glaciers and Ice Caps about 68% Lakes and rivers about .5 % Ground Water about 30% Soil moisture about .005% Atmosphere about .0001% Plants and Animals about .0001%

  8. Ocean water

  9. What makes Seawater… well… Seawater? • Seawater is salty. • This property is known as SALINITY. • The amount of dissolved solids in seawater. • Expressed in parts per thousand

  10. Rule of constant composition • This states that the major components of salt in the Oceans are the same all over the world • Do not be tempted to think that this means all seawater is equally salty across the globe.

  11. 6 Constant composition components • Chloride- Cl- 19.10g/1000g seawater • Sodium- Na+ 10.62 g/1000g seawater • Sulfate- SO4-2 2.66 g/1000g seawater • Magnesium- Mg+21.28 g/1000g seawater • Calcium- Ca+2 0.40 g/1000g seawater • Potassium- K+ 0.38 g/1000g seawater

  12. What else is dissolved in the Ocean? • Gasses • Oxygen and Nitrogen- the main gasses in seawater • Carbon Dioxide- while not a major component of the atmosphere, there is a large amount of it in seawater.

  13. Carbon Dioxide and the ocean • The ocean holds about 60% more Carbon Dioxide than the atmosphere • This means the ocean is a Carbon Sink • Capture and holds extra carbon dioxide • Since this gas traps and holds heat from the Sun, the ocean is important in helping to maintain Earth’s temperature

  14. Factors that change things • Warmer Temperatures • Less gas, more solids • Lower dissolved gas, higher salinity • Cooler Temperatures • More gas dissolved, less solids • Higher dissolved gas, lower salinity • Precipitation • More precipitation means lower salinity

  15. Seawater salinity at 10 m depth

  16. Cross section showing different salinity at different depths

  17. Where does salinity come from? • The salt in the ocean was once part of a rock. • These minerals weather out of the rocks and are carried to the sea. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSJggIWlH9w

  18. Ocean temperature • The ocean has layers with different temperatures • The layer where the temperature changes fastest is the Thermocline

  19. Temperature also effects • Much like with the mantle of the Earth, warm water is less dense than cold water • The heating and cooling of seawater drives some circulation in the ocean.

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