Ma Hong 2019

1. Ma Hong 2019 Gateway to MBA/MEM/MPA Reading

2. Goodman said, “Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game. ” 二语阅读理解不是简单理解文章的每个单词，每个句子，每个段落。相反，读者有目的，有选择地寻找他们感兴趣的内容。从某一程度来讲，阅读理解是作者与读者之间的互动。自上而下和自下而上的过程。

3. Reading skills to be tested： Locating a specific detail Getting the gist of a passage or a paragraph Deducing the meaning in the context Understanding the writer’s attitude or points of view Drawing the inference (Making a prediction included) Making a summarization of examples

4. Reading strategies • Read a text passage first and make a mental note of where different kind of information is • 先看全文，然后默记各条信息在文中的位置 • * Return to the text passage to look for the answer after reading the question a second time • 看题第二遍后，回到课文中寻找答案

5. * Find the portion of the text that the question refers to and then look for clues to the answer 找到文中出题题区，再找答案的线索 * Use the process of elimination/opting out 排除法 Select a choice because the other choices do not seem reasonable, because they seem similar or overlapping, or because their meaning is not clear to you, or they are not mentioned in the passage

6. *Distinguish the mentioned information from the unmentioned one 提及还是未提及 *Distinguish the related information and unrelated one 相关还是不相关 *Distinguishing opinions from facts 观点还是事实 *Distinguishing the main idea from the minor ones

7. *Locating the topic sentence 找中心句Take advantage of clues appearing in other items to answer the item under consideration 利用其他选项中的线索答题 * Finding a topic sentence 找中心句 * Make an educated guess (e.g. use background knowledge or extra textual knowledge ) 明智的推测

8. *Look for an answer in the chronological order in the passage • 按文章顺序找答案 • *Select a response because it is stated in the passage • 选择文章中提到的内容 • *Read and reread 反复阅读

9. *Paraphrase the complex sentences by “who did what?” 按照“谁做了什么”分解长句 When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened.

10. *Identifying or inferring main ideas by skimming 通过略读了解主题 * Understanding the relationships between the parts of a text 了解文章各部分的关系

11. *Scanning for a specific detail *Skimming for the main idea (search for the key words first, then work out the main idea) *Drawing inference

12. *Scanning for a specific detail

13. 正误判断题 通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实，某种提法是否正确或文章（作者）是否提及某事。 （1）Which of the following statements (not) true? （2）Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article? （3）Which of the following does not explain…？ （4）Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author? （5）Which of the following is NOT listed as…? （6）All of the following are true except… （7）The author mentions all of the items listed below except…

14. 填空题 通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节，但涉及的范围比正误判断题要广。 （1）The real cause is____. （2）According to the author, the techniques can be used to____. （3）The experiment shows that____. （4）The experiment shows that____. （5）Mr.X expects (hopes, wishes)____.

15. While there is never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer? A. Children B. People in their 20s and 30s. C. Young adults D. Elderly people

16. In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable-it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," Vaish says, … (2018)

17. 22.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be_____________. A. Deceptive B. addictive C. Burdensome D. inexcusable

18. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, 1 say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema.

19. According to Dunand Norton, Which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? [A] A rich meal [B] A special tour [C]a stylish car [D]A big house

20. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for the nonparents. • According to Damaske, who are likely to be happiest at home? • Working mothers • Childless husbands • Childless wives • Working fathers

21. The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13. 5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. what WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.

22. 31.According to paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its_____. A. digital products B. physical assets C .user information D. quality service

23. *** But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them( first generation college students). This created a “paradox” in that recruiting first generation students, but then seeing them fail means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close the achievement gap based on social class,…

24. Recruiting more first generation students has _____ A. reduced their dropout rates B. narrowed the achievement gap C. missed its original purpose D. depressed college students

25. Transitional Words or Phrases

26. Sequencing 顺序first of all, next, at this point, in conclusion etc. Re-expressing 重复that is to say, or rather, to put it another way Specifying 具体化 namely, that is to say, to wit. Referring 指示in this respect, in that connection, as we said apart from this. Exemplifying 举例to illustrate this, a case in point.

27. Adversative 相反 Denying expectation yet, though, however, nevertheless Admitting the unexpected actually as a matter of fact Correcting from expected to unexpected instead, on the contrary Contrasting on the other hand, at the same time Dismissing in any case, anyhow, at all events

28. General so, hence, therefore, consequently, thus Reason 原因 for this reason, it naturally follows that Result 结果 as a result, arising from this, so…that Purpose 目的 with this in mind, to this end, in order that Condition 条件 if, unless, in that case

29. Degree of truth certainly, obviously, doubtlessly， 真实性的程度 presumably, admittedly judgment 判断 rightly, surprisingly, fortunately, more importantly

30. In my research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for career to accompany a husband to his, or doing for more than their share of daily life support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead, they focused on communication.

31. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands? • Talking to them • Trusting them • Supporting their careers • Sharing housework

32. Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 per cent of positions on Europe corporate boards. * In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.

33. * In the European corporate workplace, generally_____. A. women take the lead B. men have the final say C. corporate governance is overwhelmed D. senior management is family-friendly

34. * … For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are finally moving forward at a faster pace. However, there is another important part of the job picture is largely overlooked. There is a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4% )above its year ago level.

35. * Which part of the jobs picture was neglected? • The prospect of a thriving job market • The increase of voluntary part-time jobs • The possibility of full employment • the acceleration of job creation

36. * Skimming to the get the gist of a passage or a paragraph

37. （1）The best title for this passage is＿＿． （2）Topic of the article is____. （3）The main idea of the passage is （4）The passage is mainly about (concerned with) ____. （5）The passage mainly (primarily) deals with ____. （6）The author mainly discusses____. （7）The title that best expresses the main idea is____. （8）The central idea conveyed in the main idea is____. （9）The author’s purpose in writing this passage is____. （10）The main idea of this selection may be best expressed as____. main idea, mainly gist central idea primary/ primarily

38. Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said，“Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.

39. [A]You are not alone [B]Don’t fear responsibility for your life [C]Pave your own unique path [D] Most of your fears are unreal [E] Think about the present moment [F]Experience helps you grow [G]There are many things to be grateful for

40. * Understanding the writer’s attitude or points of view

41. （1）Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with? （2）The author seems to be in favor of the idea of____. （3）What’s the author’s opinion (attitude)? （4）What does the writer think of…? （5）The author’s attitude towards…might be best summarized as____. （6）In the writer’s opinion,____. （7）The author of the passage seems to be____. （8）The tone of the author is____. attitude tone opinion view think of

42. *approving, positive, hopeful, optimistic, concerned, confident, appreciative, tolerant, permissible cautious * neutral, objective, unbiased * negative, critical, scornful, trivial (opp. crucial) questioning, destructive, depressed, hostile, doubtful/skeptical, pessimistic, compromising, indifferent/detached, biased/ prejudiced , uncertain ambiguous

43. … there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. (2011)

44. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is • Indifferent • Negative • positive • biased

45. In many respects, the US was more socially tolerant entering the recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. (2012) • The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ______. • Certain B. positive C. trivial D. destructive

46. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. (2013) • *The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____. • Tolerant B. uncertain • C. optimistic D. Doubtful

47. Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts. (2017) The author’s attitude toward koziatek's school can be described as______. A. supportive B. disappointed C. tolerant D. cautious

48. It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it.) ( 2014) • * The author’s attitude toward America’s watching TV is • Critical B. supportive • C. sympathetic D. Ambiguous

49. * Guessing the meaning in the context

50. In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, they rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty..