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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Introduction to the Nervous System Overview of the Nervous System Neuroglia Neurons Collections of Nervous Tissue ] Neurophysiology Overview of the Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Overview of the Nervous System > Introduction to the Nervous System Introduction to the Nervous System • Organization of the Nervous System • Functions of the Nervous System • Subdivisions of the Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/overview-of-the-nervous-system-11/introduction-to-the-nervous-system-109/

  6. Overview of the Nervous System > Neuroglia Neuroglia • Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System • Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/overview-of-the-nervous-system-11/neuroglia-110/

  7. Overview of the Nervous System > Neurons Neurons • Structural Diversity of Neurons • Classification of Neurons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/overview-of-the-nervous-system-11/neurons-111/

  8. Overview of the Nervous System > Collections of Nervous Tissue Collections of Nervous Tissue • Clusters of Neuronal Cell Bodies • Axon Bundles • Gray and White Matter Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/overview-of-the-nervous-system-11/collections-of-nervous-tissue-112/

  9. Overview of the Nervous System > Neurophysiology Neurophysiology • Principles of Electricity • Ion Channels • Resting Membrane Potentials • Membrane Potentials as Signals • The Action Potential and Propagation • The Synapse • Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Integration at the Synapse • Synaptic Transmission • Types of Neurotransmitters by Function • Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors • Serial and Parallel Processing Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/overview-of-the-nervous-system-11/neurophysiology-113/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Overview of the Nervous System Key terms • absolute refractory periodThe period from the opening of the sodium channels until the sodium channels begin to reset. • acetylcholineThis neurotransmitter acts on the neuromuscular juncture and is synthesized from acetic acid and choline. • action potentialA short-term change in the electrical potential that travels along a cell such as a nerve or muscle fiber. • action potential.A brief reversal of membrane potential. • afferentAfferent neurons convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system (e.g. sensory neurons). • astrocytea neuroglial cell, in the shape of a star, in the brain • axonA long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. • AxonsThe conducting region of the neuron. • Biogenic aminesNeurotransmitters distributed in the brain, where they play a role in emotional behavior and help in regulating the biological clock. • central nervous systemIn vertebrates, the part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. • currentThe flow of electrical charge from one point to another. • dendritesShort, tapering extensions that convey incoming messages toward the body of the neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Overview of the Nervous System • depolarizationA change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive or less negative, that may result in generation of an action potential. • depolarizationAlso called the rising phase, when positively charged sodium ions (Na+) suddenly rush through open voltage-gated sodium channels into a neuron. • efferentEfferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells (e.g. motor neurons). • endoneurial fluidA protein liquid surrounding individual nerve axons. • excitatory postsynaptic potentialA net depolarization that brings the neuron's potential closer to its firing threshold. • fascicleA bundle of axons. • ganglionA cluster of interconnecting nerve cells outside the brain. • gliaNon-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system. • gliaNon-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. • gliaNon-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system. • glutamateAn amino acid that promotes excitatory effects by  increasing the probability that the target cell will fire an action potential. • Goldman equationModels the interactions that generate resting membrane potential. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Overview of the Nervous System • graded potentialsThese vary in size and arise from the summation of the individual actions of ligand-gated ion channel proteins, and decrease over time and space. • gray matterA major component of the CNS consisting of neuronal cell bodies. • gray matterA major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), and capillaries. • hormoneA molecule released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages affecting cells in other parts of the organism. • hyperpolarizationA phase where some potassium channels remain open and sodium channels reset. • inhibitory postsynaptic potentialThis occurs when the opening of the ion channels results in a net gain of negative charge, the potential moves further from zero and is referred to as hyperpolarization. • ion pumpCritical membrane proteins that carry out active transport by using cellular energy (ATP) to "pump" the ions against their concentration gradient. • Ionotropic receptorsA group of transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (ligand) such as a neurotransmitter. • leakage channelThe simplest type of ion channel, with more or less constant permeability. • ligand-gated channelA group of transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (ligand) such as a neurotransmitter. • metabotropic receptorsA subtype of membrane receptors that do not form an ion channel pore but use signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins, to activate a series of intracellular events using second messenger chemicals. • myelinA white, fatty material, composed of lipids and lipoproteins, that surrounds the axons of nerves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Overview of the Nervous System • nervous systemThe organ system that coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses, and initiates actions. • NeuronsElectrically excitable cells that are the structural unit of the nervous system. • neurotransmitterAn endogenous chemical that transmits signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. • nicotinic acetylcholine receptorA pentamer of protein subunits with two binding sites for acetylcholine which, when bound, alter the receptor's configuration and cause an internal pore to open. • nucleusA cluster of neuronal bodies where synapsing occurs. • parallel processingParallel processing is the ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks simultaneously. • peripheral nervous systemThis system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. • peripheral nervous systemThis system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. • Postsynaptic potentialsChanges in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. • repolarizationAlso called the falling phase, caused by the slow closing of sodium channels and the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels. • resistanceHindrance to the flow of charge. • resting membrane potentialThe potential difference in a resting neuron that causes its membrane to be polarized. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Overview of the Nervous System • Satellite glial cellsThese cells line the exterior surface of neurons in the PNS and neuron cell bodies within ganglia. • Schwann cellsThe principal glia of the PNS, these cells are involved in the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix, modulation of neuromuscular synaptic activity, and presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes. • self-terminatingSelf-terminating implies that comparisons stop abruptly as soon as the target is found, and then the response is generated. • sensory receptorA nerve ending that recognizes stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. • Serial memory processingThe act of attending to and processing one item at a time. • synapseA structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. • tonic or regular spikingNeurons that are typically constantly (or tonically) active are called tonic or regular spiking. • VoltageThe measure of potential energy generated by separated charge. • white matterA region of the central nervous system containing myelinated nerve fibers and no dendrites. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Overview of the Nervous System Neuroglia Types of neuroglia found in the CNS and PNS. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762.."Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png."CC BY 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.pngView on Boundless.com

  17. Overview of the Nervous System Action potential A. Schematic and B. actual action potential recordings. The action potential is a clear example of how changes in membrane potential can act as a signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Action potential vert."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Action_potential_vert.pngView on Boundless.com

  18. Overview of the Nervous System Grey and White Matter Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (right of image - darker pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine mesh work-like appearance (left of image - lighter pink). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Grey matter and white matter - very high mag."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_very_high_mag.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Overview of the Nervous System Self-Terminating Search This line graph depicts both positive and negative self-terminating search, comparing length of list to mean reaction time recall. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Graph showing Self-Terminating Search."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graph_showing_Self-Terminating_Search.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Overview of the Nervous System The organization of the nervous system Gross organization of the nervous system, with the peripheral nervous system, the spinal, and the cortical levels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23FunctionView on Boundless.com

  21. Overview of the Nervous System Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication Electrical impulses travel along the axon of a neuron. When this signal reaches a synapse, it provokes release of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to receptor molecules located in the the target cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nervous system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23FunctionView on Boundless.com

  22. Overview of the Nervous System Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication Electrical impulses travel along the axon of a neuron. When this signal reaches a synapse, it provokes release of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to receptor molecules located in the the target cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nervous system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23FunctionView on Boundless.com

  23. Overview of the Nervous System The Human Nervous System The major organs and nerves of the human nervous system. The CNS is comprised of the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord. Remaining neurons, and associated cells, distributed throughout the body form the PNS. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Nervous System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Nervous_System%23Overview_of_the_entire_nervous_systemView on Boundless.com

  24. Overview of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System The central nervous system (2) is a combination of the brain (1) and the spinal cord (3). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Nervous System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Nervous_System%23Overview_of_the_entire_nervous_systemView on Boundless.com

  25. Overview of the Nervous System The Nervous System of a Vertebrate The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system (CNS) (shown in yellow). The left-right pair of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia make up the peripheral nervous system (shown in dark gold). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."TE-Nervous system diagram."CC BY 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

  26. Overview of the Nervous System Electrical Synapse The membranes of pre and post-synaptic cells are fused and punctured by gap-junctions. When open they allow the rapid diffusion of ions across the plasma membranes allowing for rapid, continuous signal processing across the synapse. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gap_cell_junction-en.svg.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGap_cell_junction-en.svgView on Boundless.com

  27. Overview of the Nervous System Innervation of the Autonomic Nervous System Satellite glial cells are expressed throughout the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia in their respective nervous system divisions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray839."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray839.pngView on Boundless.com

  28. Overview of the Nervous System Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication Electrical impulses travel along the axon of a neuron. When this signal reaches a synapse, it provokes release of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to receptor molecules located in the the target cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nervous system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23FunctionView on Boundless.com

  29. Overview of the Nervous System Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocytes form the electrical insulation around the axons of CNS nerve cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Neuroglia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeurogliaView on Boundless.com

  30. Overview of the Nervous System Schwann Cell A Schwann cell in culture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Schwann cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellView on Boundless.com

  31. Overview of the Nervous System types of neurons 1: Unipolar neuron, 2: Bipolar neuron, 3: Multipolar neuron, 4: Pseudounipolar neuron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Neurons uni bi multi pseudouni."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neurons_uni_bi_multi_pseudouni.svgView on Boundless.com

  32. Overview of the Nervous System Neurotransmission at a Chemical Synapse A signal propagating down an axon to the cell body and dendrites of the next cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Neuron."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%23ClassesView on Boundless.com

  33. Overview of the Nervous System White Matter on an MRI This MRI highlights the location of white matter in the brain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."3DSlicer-KubickiJPR2007-fig6."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3DSlicer-KubickiJPR2007-fig6.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Overview of the Nervous System Cellular Membrane Differences in concentration of ions on opposite sides of a cellular membrane lead to a voltage called the membrane potential. Many ions have a concentration gradient across the membrane, including potassium (K+), which is at a high inside and a low concentration outside the membrane. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) ions are at high concentrations in the extracellular region and low concentrations in the intracellular regions. These concentration gradients provide the potential energy to drive the formation of the membrane potential. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Basis of Membrane Potential2."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2.pngView on Boundless.com

  35. Overview of the Nervous System A Ligand-gated Ion Channel Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are one type of ionotropic receptor or channel-linked receptor. They are a group of transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (ligand), such as a neurotransmitter. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."LGIC."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LGIC.pngView on Boundless.com

  36. Overview of the Nervous System Ion channel A schematic representation of an ion channel. The cell membrane is depicted by #6 and the ion channel pore by #3. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Ion channel."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ion_channel.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. Overview of the Nervous System Ion pump example Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Scheme sodium-potassium pump-en."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svgView on Boundless.com

  38. Overview of the Nervous System Goldman equation Goldman equation: R is the universal gas constant, equal to 8.314 joules·K−1·mol−1 T is the absolute temperature, measured in kelvins (= K = degrees Celsius + 273.15) F is the Faraday constant, equal to 96,485 coulombs·mol−1 or J·V−1·mol−1 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/5/9/3/5939d2ef41c086b20b25a948677b9305.pngView on Boundless.com

  39. Overview of the Nervous System Action potential A. Schematic and B. actual action potential recordings. The action potential is a clear example of how changes in membrane potential can act as a signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Action potential vert."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Action_potential_vert.pngView on Boundless.com

  40. Overview of the Nervous System Chemical Synapse A: Pre-synaptic neuron B: Post-synaptic-neuron. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles within the pre-synaptic neuron (2). Upon receipt of an action-potential the neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft (3 & 4) and binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron (5). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Synapse diag1."CC BY-SAhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synapse_diag1.svgView on Boundless.com

  41. Overview of the Nervous System Temporal summation This figure depicts the mechanism of temporal summation in which multiple action potentials in the presynaptic cell cause a threshold depolarization in the postsynaptic cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Temporal summation."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temporal_summation.JPGView on Boundless.com

  42. Overview of the Nervous System Synaptic vesicles inside a neuron This pseudocolored image taken with a scanning electron microscope shows an axon terminal that was broken open to reveal synaptic vesicles (blue and orange) inside the neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Overview of the Nervous System Communication at a chemical synapse Communication at chemical synapses requires release of neurotransmitters. When the presynaptic membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the cell. The calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in a localized depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Overview of the Nervous System Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nervous system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23FunctionView on Boundless.com

  45. Overview of the Nervous System Attribution • Wiktionary."synapse."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synapse • Wikipedia."Neurotransmitter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter • Wikipedia."Neurotransmitter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter • Wiktionary."action potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/action_potential • Wiktionary."postsynaptic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/postsynaptic • Wikipedia."Nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23Function • Wikipedia."Nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system%23Neural_circuits_and_systems • Wiktionary."nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nervous_system • Wiktionary."hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hormone • Wikipedia."resting membrane potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/resting%20membrane%20potential • Wikipedia."Goldman equation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman%20equation • Wikipedia."Membrane potential."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential%23Resting_potential • Wiktionary."ion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ion • Wikipedia."grey matter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/grey%20matter • Wikipedia."Grey matter."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_matter • Wiktionary."white matter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white_matter • Wikipedia."White matter."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  46. Overview of the Nervous System • Wikipedia."White matter."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter • Wikipedia."Schwann cells."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann%20cells • Wikipedia."glia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glia • Wikipedia."Neuroglia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia • Wikipedia."Neuroglia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia%23Types • Wikipedia."Neuroglia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia%23Types • Wikipedia."Satellite glial cells."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20glial%20cells • Wikipedia."Neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%23Classes • Wiktionary."afferent."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/afferent • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/efferent • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/tonic-or-regular-spiking • Wikipedia."graded potentials."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/graded%20potentials • Wikipedia."Membrane potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential • Wiktionary."action potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/action_potential • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/depolarization • Wikipedia."Neurotransmitter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter%23Types_of_neurotransmitters • Wikipedia."opioid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/opioid • Wiktionary."dopamine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dopamine • Wiktionary."acetylcholine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetylcholine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  47. Overview of the Nervous System • Wikipedia."Serial memory processing."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_memory_processing • Wikipedia."Parallel processing."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_processing • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/parallel-processing • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/self-terminating • Wikipedia."Nerve."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve • Wikipedia."Nerve."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve • Wikipedia."Neural tract."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tract • Wiktionary."nerve."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nerve • Wikipedia."tract."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tract • Wikipedia."Neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%23Classes • Wikipedia."Neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron • Wiktionary."neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neuron • Wikipedia."Nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system • Wikipedia."Nucleus (neuroanatomy)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) • Wikipedia."Satellite glial cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell • Wikipedia."Ganglion."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion • Wiktionary."ganglion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ganglion • Wiktionary."nucleus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleus • Wikipedia."ligand-gated channel."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ligand-gated%20channel Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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