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Impactos Ambientais nos Solos Carsticos

Impactos Ambientais nos Solos Carsticos. By Jennifer Rimes (traduzido por N. Barreto). Formaç ão Carstica.

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Impactos Ambientais nos Solos Carsticos

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  1. Impactos Ambientais nos Solos Carsticos By Jennifer Rimes (traduzido por N. Barreto)

  2. Formação Carstica Caracteristicas carsticas são produzidas porque calcario pode ser dissolvido em água, contendo dioxido de carbono e acidos organicos. A chuva absorve dioxido de carbono da atmosfera . Quando a água passa pelo solo mais dioxido de carbono, originado em raizes de plantas e materia vegetal em decomposição, é absorvido, junto com acidos organicos complexos, conhecidos como acidos humicos. Essa água facilmente consegue dissolver o calcario, formando mais cavernas.

  3. Caracteristicas Carsticas afetam o uso de águas subterraneas Cavernas Aquiferos Sistemas de rios subterrâneos

  4. Impactos Urbanos • Impactos urbanos em sistemas de águas subterraneas são, em maior parte, efeitos negativos por causa de uma falta de educação dos cidadãos que utilizam o meio ambiente. Contaminações graves poderiam ser mais facilmente contidas se regulações sobre a disposição de lixo, esgoto e rebaixamento fossem impostas e cumpridas.

  5. Drenagem • Calcario perto ou na superfice tende a deformar por fraturas frageis o que cria junções complexas formando permeabilidade media para o fluxo subterraneo de soluções de drenagem o que leva a criação de cavernas. Fraturas Verticais normalmente formadas na superfice deixando a solução fluir mais rapidamente pelas fraturas.

  6. Casos Urbanos • Explorando os diferentes tipos de contaminação e soluções variadas usadas em cidades do mundo todo é possivel formular novas maneiras de educar os cidadãos do mundo como se reduz a contaminação de lençois freaticos numa maneira economicamente razoavel.

  7. Hai Yai, Thailand • Hai Yai fica na Tailândia que sofre de contaminação por causa de ma colocação e controle de canais de esgoto. (detalhes maiores abaixo, em inglês) • Hat Yai, Thailand is located on low-lying coastal alluvial deposits, which forces the city to utilize drainage canals for storm runoff as well as sanitation purposes. The unlined drainage canals have leaked into the semi-confined aquifer beneath the city. The result is that high levels of ammonium, sulphate, and chloride are in the water supply. In the worst areas the water is 60-80% canal seepage and 20-40% unpolluted aquifer water. A possible solution is to line the drainage canals however this is a very costly proposition for the city to undertake (Jiabing, 1988).

  8. Alabama Study • Contaminação do lençol freático por ligações ilegais aos sistemas de drenagem de águas pluviais. • Dry weather flows from storm drain pipes are often generated by illicit or illegal connections to the storm drain system, and thus have a strong probability of containing high concentrations of soluble heavy metals, pesticides, and pathogenic microorganisms. • Combined sewer overflow discharges should be kept away from infiltration practices given their poor water quality (especially pathogens) and high clogging potential. • Snowmelt runoff from roads and parking lots produce high concentrations of chlorides that cannot be effectively treated with infiltration • Manufacturing sites produce stormwater that has a high potential for elevated concentrations of organic compounds and heavy metals. • Construction sites do not normally contain toxicants, however the high sediment levels quickly clog infiltration practices • . In less contaminated areas the adequate pretreatment of runoff prior to the use of gas stations, vehicle maintenance operations, and large commercial parking lots would greatly reduce contaminants that are generally allowed to build up • . Residential areas pose the least risk of groundwater contamination, and therefore, infiltration practicecan be utilized without extensive pretreatment. However, the use of grass buffer strips as a form of pretreatment is advisable to prevent premature failure of the infiltration practice due to clogging from sediment

  9. Albuquerque • Subsidências de 80 a 120 m que irão acontecer por causa do rebaixamento do lençol freático. • The dewatering of the aquifer in the Albuquerque area has raised concerns about land subsidence. (Shoemaker, 1997) using the work of (Haneberg, 1996) indicates that significant rates of subsidence would begin at a drawdown of 80 to 120 m. • Concerns have also been raised about the quality of the groundwater supply and many of the highly productive wells along the river have been removed from service due to contamination from surrounding industry • The City of Albuquerque has instituted a Water Conservation Long-Term Strategy that involves an increase in the water-use rate as well as implementing conservation programs for residential users such as water restriction times, the restriction of high water use plants in new landscaping or areas less than 10 ft in any dimension, the use of older parks for irrigation management, recycling treated wastewater for use in irrigation systems, the conversion of toilets in all public buildings to low flush systems, and a reduction in vehicle washing by the Transit and Fire Departments.

  10. Kingston, Jamaica • Contaminação do lençol freático por causa de falta de planejamento com relação as águas subterrâneas. A contaminação do lençol freático com esgoto resultou na proliferação de cólera. • The main resource for water is an alluvium aquifer. • Lack of recharge areas due to urbanization without proper groundwater resource planning has led to contamination by sewage, which has led to outbreaks of dysentery and cholera resulting from fecal content in drinking water supplies. • In 1995, the Water Resource Act (WRA) was passed in Jamaica. The WRA has tried to focus on the continual assessment and proper management of water resources, the promotion of conservation and protection, and the promotion of optimal development. They have ensured that the water supply is adequate by implementing a plan of action that includes taking an inventory of resources and demands for domestic, industrial and touristic use, establishing water quality control areas, abstraction licensing, and groundwater risk mapping (Walters, 1998).

  11. Perth, Australia • Em razão da utilização do lençol freático como fonte de água preve-se falta de água no futuro. • The population of Perth, Australia is expected to double by 2020. A sandy superficial aquifer underlies much of the city and this in turn is underlain by confined sandstone aquifers. • Groundwater provides about 40% of Perth's potable supply and 70% of the city's total water usage. Groundwater is widely tapped for the irrigation of gardens and parks and there are about 100 000 irrigation bores in the Perth metropolitan area. Contamination is found in the water supply bores in urban areas, as well as problems from local saltwater intrusion due to nearby coastal areas. There are also concerns about the discharge of nutrients by groundwater to wetlands and coastal environments • The solutions being planned include using groundwater protection zones in undeveloped areas to protect potable water supplies as well as mapping to identify areas that are highly susceptible to contamination

  12. Lima, Peru • Contaminação do lençol freático com esgoto e efluentes industriais. Previsão de falta de água para a população. • The quality of the groundwater is the main issue in Lima. The aquifer is heavily contaminated by industrial and domestic fecal pollution, as well as the polluted River Rimac that recharges it. • A majority of groundwater sources, which supply the distribution network in Lima, are chlorinated to disinfect the water with the goal of providing a chlorine free residual to prevent recontamination in the distribution network • The main sources of fecal contamination of the Lima aquifer are abandoned dug wells, especially those that are in the industrial sites that are not sealed, currently used dug wells which do not have a complete sanitary system, inefficient and unlined waste stabilization pond, and the River Rimac that recharges the aquifer is grossly contaminated with high levels of nitrate and other organic compounds • The sealing of all unused and unprotected wells in the city with low-permeability material such as clay is a priority to prevent continued contamination of groundwater. This would remove obvious point sources of contamination of groundwater within the city, which would help to reduce the vulnerability of the aquifer to contamination. Other preventive measures include lining of the waste stabilization pond to the south of Lima, control of the quality of domestic sewage and industrial discharges into rivers and near groundwater sources

  13. Vazante – Minas Gerais – Brasilsão retirados 8000 m³/hora de água para operar uma mina subterranea.Maior rebaixamento no Brasil. • Contaminação do lençol freático • Drenagem e secagem levando a desertificação de uma área de 92 km² • Assoreamento e poluição do Rio Sta. Catarina – afluente do São Francisco • Centenas de subsidências conforme foto ao lado (abaixo) • Comprometimento do patrimônio Espeleologico (cavernas). • Contaminação do ar e águas, e morte de animais • Agressões em área de interesse extremo para a biodiversidade de Minas Gerais • Possibilidade de contaminação do aquifero Guarani com metais pesados

  14. Cajamar – São Paulo, Brasil • Em 12 de agosto de 1986 houve; em Lavrinhas, Cajamar; uma subsidencia de 32 m de diametro por 13 de profundidade em decorrencia de bombeamento de águas do subsolo.Varias casas e ruas foram destruídas. • O IPT de São Paulo realizou estudos (Prandini, 1990) que identificou varias outras cavidades em formação em razão da área ser de solo carstico. Aparentemente a área estava em equilíbrio, mas o bombeamento de dois poços artesianos com vazões de 20 m³ provocou todos os danos. • A área foi delimitada e considerada de “alto risco” e considerada imprópria para uso urbano e condenada para moradias.

  15. Criciúma – Santa Catarina, Brasil • Em razão de mineração subterrânea foram verificadas varias subsidências e secagem de poços de abastecimento de água.

  16. A necessidade de proteger lençois freaticos é urgente, especialmente se é num local onde essas águas são uma fonte de água para uma area urbana ou uma fonte para agricultura.

  17. The Division of Planning (DWR) for California . The Australian Environmental Information Network (ERIN) The Edwards Aquifer page provides information about the unique Texas groundwater system and artesian aquifers The Texas Water Resources Institute (TWRI) performs water related research for the state of Texas The Montana Natural Resource Information System The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) is a group of water-oriented organizations working together to improve the access to water data and water information The Canada Center for Inland Waters (CCIW) does water research, generating environmental information and knowledge about the Great Lakes Urban Planning and Architecture Resources is a WWW site offering resources such as listings of conferences, competitions, and exhibits as well as census information, and environmental archives Illinois District of the Water Resources Division (WRD), which is part of the U.S. Geological Survey Planos de ProteçãoAlguns paises já iniciaram seus planos de proteção de águas subterraneasEstes estão abaixo.

  18. Impactos urbanos em sistemas de águas subterraneas são, em maior parte, efeitos negativos por causa de uma falta de educação dos cidadãos que utilizam o ambiente urbano. Contaminações graves poderiam ser mais facilmente contidas se regulações sobre a disposição de lixo, esgoto e rebaixamento fossem impostas. Existem muitas coisas que podem ser feitas por cidadões individuais como conservar água, mudanças de topografia informada, disposição responsavel de materiais perigosos, e compromisso de utilização de água de acordo com horarios. Essas contribuições pequenas podem ter um grande efeito positivo se mais cidadãos participarem para manter a fonte de água de suas cidades (ou fazendas e empresas) limpas e abundantes.

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